Transcript The Immune and Integumentary Systems

How we protect our bodies….
#4The Immune and
Integumentary Systems
Pathogens
1. Microscope organisms are everywhere
a. MOST are not harmful Microscope
organisms are everywhere
2. Disease causing microorganisms are
called pathogens
The Immune System
• How does our body protect itself from
pathogens?
• The immune system
– Nonspecific defenses
– Immune response
3. Nonspecific defenses
a. With nonspecific defenses the body does
NOT target particular pathogens
b. The first lines of defense are your SKIN and
mucous membranes!
c. If a wound occurs an inflammatory response
may occur and an increase in temperature
i.
Histamines cause blood vessels to dilate
(swelling can occur)
ii. Blood flow to the area increase so white blood
cells can attack pathogens
iii. The body temperature rises…most pathogens
only grow in a particular temperature range (close
to NORMAL body temperature)
4. White blood cells (specfic)
a. Pathogens carry antigens which the body
recognizes as an invader
b. Three kinds of white blood cells that attack
invading pathogens (there are more):
i. Neutrophils - engulf and destroy
pathogens …when they engulf the bacteria,
they release a chemical to kill the bacteria,
it also kills the neutrophil
ii. Macrophages – ingest/kill pathogens &
remove dead cells/other debris from the
body
iii. Killer T cells - large white blood cellsattack cells that are infected with
pathogens to prevent spreading
Neutrophils – kamakazi pilots
Macrophages – pacman
Killer T cells – snipers
(Write these to the side of your papers! To help you
remember!!)
5. The immune response
a. If an invading pathogen is not
destroyed by the nonspecific
defenses…the immune response kicks
in…
b. It is a series of invents that targets
specific pathogens
5.C. What was our first line of
defense again? The skin!!!
d. The skin is your largest organ
i. The skin along with your hair and
nails make up the integumentary
system
Be able to identify these parts on a diagram!!
6. The Layers of the Skin
a. Epidermis - outermost layer…dead skin
that makes skin tough and waterproof
b. Dermis - made only of living cells…nerve
cells, muscle cells, blood vessels, skin cells,
hair follicles
c. Subcutaneous tissue - mostly fat, acts as a
shock absorber, insulation, stores energy
and anchors the skin to the organs/muscle
below
7. Relationships
a. What body system is important in carrying white blood
cells?
Circulatory system
b. Which body system(s) is(are) protected by the immune
system?
ALL of them!!!
c. How are the immune and integumentary systems
closely related?
The skin is our first line of defense against
infections.
d. If something happened to our skin and we were no
longer waterproof, how might this affect the circulatory
system?
As we lose water, our blood will become
thicker…it is mostly water!
The Nervous System
The Nervous System
• How do we know when to eat?
• How do we know if we are touching a
hot stove?
• How does our body control breathing,
the heart beat, and all other functions
without our thinking about them?
• The answer to all of these is the
nervous system
The Nervous System
8. Our nervous system is
how all of the parts of our
body communicate with all
of the other parts…its why
we aren’t a bunch of
separate parts doing their
own thing….
9. Neurons
a. The cells in the nervous system are called
neurons
b. Neurons contain a cell body with a nucleus
10. They also have dendrites (dozens of
them) that receive signals either from
other neurons or from the environment
11. They have an axon (one) as well that
sends the signal on to the next neuron
(away from the cell body)
A typical neuron
12. Nerve impulses
a. A bundle of axons make up nerves
b. Nerve impulses travel really quickly (250
miles per hour…400 km per hour)
c. When they get to the end of an axon they
must cross the synapse…the gap between
the neurons
d. They do this by causing chemicals
(neurotransmitters) to be released that
cross and create a new impulse at the other
side
13. Structures of the nervous
system
a. Neurons are the smallest parts of the
nervous system but they come together to
form two parts
i. The central nervous system: The brain
and spinal cord
ii. The peripheral nervous system: The
smaller nerves that send impulses to
and from the organs (sensory neurons)
and the muscles (motor neurons)
Questions…
14. How is the nervous
system involved
a. in controlling your
digestion?
b. helping you play
soccer?
c. helping you read a
book?
d. in controlling our heart
rate?