Transcript Chapter 4 - SCHOOLinSITES

Chapter 6
The nervous system
Two main parts of the nervous
system
Central Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous system
How neurons communicate
with each other
Neurons send and receive
messages to and from the
brain
Over 100 billion mostly
located in the brain
Neurons
Synapse
Dendrite
Axon Terminals
Axon stem
Neurons send messages
across the synapse using
neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters
Are chemicals stored in the
axon terminal sacs
Ex: Dopaminelow=Parkinson's high=
schizophrenia
Serotonin-sleep & emotion
Drug Withdrawals
Flooding the body with artificial
drugs causes the brain to stop
producing pain killer (temp)
If the artificial drug is removed
the person may experience
sever pain until the brain starts
producing endorphins again
Peripheral Nervous System
Somatic
Autonomic
Nervous
Nervous System
System
Regulates
Hot cold pain involuntary
and pressure function
Autonomic Nervous System
Sympathetic
Parasympath
Nervous
etic
System
Peace time
Stress
Fight or
flight
Psychologist are interested in
the Autonomic nervous
system
Why
What is it linked to that
psychologist study?
Emotions
Trigger a response from the
Autonomic nervous system
Central Nervous system
Brain
Endocrine
system
Spinal Cord
Spinal Cord
Spinal Cord Reflex
The Brain
Hind Brain-lower brain-heart
rate and balance
Mid Brain-vision and hearing
Forebrain-emotion
Hindbrain
Medulla-heart rate,
breathing
Pon in front of the medullamovement, attention, sleep
Cerebellum-little brainbalance and coordination
The midbrain has 3 parts
Pons
Cerebellum
Medulla
Mid brain
Located between the hind
brain and the forebrain
Vision and hearing
Midbrain
Forebrain
Has 4 major areas
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Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Cerebrum
Corpus callosum
Forebrain
Forebrain
Thalamus-inner chamber relay
station for sensation
Hypothalamus-under-body
temp, motivation hunger,
thirst, child care, aggression
Hypothalamus problems can
led to unusually eating
Forebrain-Cerebrum
Largest part of the Bain
70% of the brains weight
Latin for brain
Language, perceptions,
complex thinking
Forebrain-cerebrum
Surface of cerebrum is the
cerebral cortex-tree bark
Cerebral cortex has 2 sides
called right and left
hemispheres-walnut shell
Forebrain-cerebrum
Connecting the 2
hemispheres is the corpus
callosum
Right side controls left side
of body and vise a versa
Forebrain-cerebrum-cerebral
cortex
Each hemisphere has 4
lobes
Lobes function together for
many events
Cerebellum - the part of the brain below the back of the
cerebrum. It regulates balance, posture, movement, and
muscle coordination.
Corpus Callosum - a large bundle of nerve fibers that connect
the left and right cerebral hemispheres. In the lateral section, it
looks a bit like a "C" on its side.
Frontal Lobe of the Cerebrum - the top, front regions of
each of the cerebral hemispheres. They are used for reasoning,
emotions, judgment, and voluntary movement.
Medulla Oblongata - the lowest section of the brainstem (at
the top end of the spinal cord); it controls automatic functions
including heartbeat, breathing, etc.
Occipital Lobe of the Cerebrum - the region at the back of
each cerebral hemisphere that contains the centers of vision
and reading ability (located at the back of the head).
Parietal Lobe of the Cerebrum - the middle lobe of each cerebral
hemisphere between the frontal and occipital lobes; it contains
important sensory centers (located at the upper rear of the head).
Pituitary Gland - a gland attached to the base of the brain (located
between the Pons and the Corpus Callosum) that secretes hormones.
Pons - the part of the brainstem that joins the hemispheres of the
cerebellum and connects the cerebrum with the cerebellum. It is
located just above the Medulla Oblongata.
Spinal Cord - a thick bundle of nerve fibers that runs from the base
of the brain to the hip area, running through the spine (vertebrae).
Temporal Lobe of the Cerebrum - the region at the lower side of
each cerebral hemisphere; contains centers of hearing and memory
(located at the sides of the head).
Right brain left brain
Right-creative
Left-logical
Can people function fully
with only half a brain?
The Endocrine System
Glands that secrete
hormones into the blood
Horman-Greek-stimulate
Hormones stimulate growth,
moods and activity levels
Like neurotransmitter they
are secreted from receptors
in the body
Pituitary Gland
Lies below the hypothalamus
–pea sized- stimulated by
the hypothalamus-effects
growth, bone, muscle-ex of
hormones oxytocin-labor
Thyroid
Produces thyroxin-metabolism
Hypothyroidism-too little=gain
Hyperthyroidism-too
much=loss
Adrenal Gland
Above the kidneys
Cortical Steroids-regulates
stress/ sugar for energy
Adrenaline&noradrenalind
stimulated by the SNS mix
Adrenaline intensifies
emotion
How do we study the brain
Case studies of injuries like
pheinas Gage
Electrical Stimulation –Jose
Delgado- bull 1964
James Olds and Peter Milner
– rats choose pleasure over
food-hypothalamus
Electroencephalogram
EEG
Records electrical activity of
the brain
Diff. Wave pattern are assoc
with different feelings
Uses-some psy disorders
and tumors
Scans c.a.t
Computerized axial
tomography
Uses radiation feed back to
piece together a 3-D pic
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Uses Magnetic and radio
waves to gain a visual image
of the brain
Can take it in slices
Positron emission tomography
Pet Scan
Shows brain activity not
images watches the brain
work
Radio active sugar
Brain activity during math or
music
Nature - nurture debate
Nature-biological make up
Nurture – environmental influences
Which is the most powerful?
Are serial killers born or Created?
Are your parents responsible for
your happiness or success in life?
Nature – nurture debate
Why are most criminals from lower
working class neighborhoods?
What about genetic potential to
figure skate or play hockey
but you live in a place with no
frozen water?How can you live up
to all your potential
Nature – nurture debate
Where is the balance
How can we lean more about it
Nature – nurture debate
Twin studies (identical)
Separated at birth
 Share the same genitic make up but
not the same environment
 Some studies conclude that twins
raised together are less alike than
twins raised apart
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