Transcript Biological Bases

CH 3: Neuroscience
Review Game
Please select a Team.
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The firing neurons
The brain trust
We have potential
Driven by hormones
High on endorphins
The Dendritic
warriors
7. We have huge
brains
Which chemicals pass across the
synaptic gap and increase the possibility
the next neuron in the chain will fire?
1. Synaptic peptides
2. Inhibitory
neurotransmitters
3. Adrenaline-type
exciters
4. Excitatory
neurotransmitters
5. Potassium and
sodium
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According to the theory of evolution, why
might we call some parts of the brain the
old brain and some parts the new brain?
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Old brain parts are what exist in
very young children, and the
new brain develops later
The old brain developed first
according to evolution
The old brain becomes more
active as we grow older
The new brain deals with new
information, while the old brain
deals with information gathered
when we were children
The old brain is most affected by
age deterioration (dementia)
while the new brain remains
unaffected
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Blindness could result from damage to
which cortex and lobe of the brain?
Visual cortex in the
frontal lobe
Visual cortex in the
temporal lobe
Sensory cortex in the
parietal lobe
Visual cortex in the
occipital lobe
Cerebral cortex in the
occipital lobe
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You eat some bad sushi and feel that you are slowly losing control over
your muscles. The bacteria you ingested from the bad sushi most likely
interferes with the use of:
Serotonin
Insulin
Acetylcholine
Thorazine
Adrenaline
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Deafness can result from damage to the
inner ear or damage to what area of the
brain?
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C
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Connections between the auditory
nerve and the auditory cortex in the
frontal lobe
Connections between the auditory
nerve and the auditory cortex in the
temporal lobe
Connection between the areas of the
sensory cortex that receive
messages from the ears and the
auditory cortex
Connections between the
hypothalamus and the auditory
cortex in the temporal lobe
Connections between the left and
right sensory areas of the
cerebellum
be
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Team Scores
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A spinal reflex differs from a normal
sensory and motor reaction in that:
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A spinal reflex occurs only in response to
extremely stressful stimuli
In a spinal reflex, the spine moves the
muscles in response as soon as the
sensory information reaches the spine
while usually the impulse must reach the
brain before a response
In a normal sensory/motor reaction, the
spine transmits the information through
afferent nerve fibers, while reflex
reactions are transmitted along special
efferent nerves
Spinal reflexes are part of the central
nervous system response, while normal
sensory/motor reactions are part of the
peripheral nervous system
Spinal reflexes occur only in animals
because humans are born without
instinctual responses
re
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Antidepressant drugs like Prozac are often used to treat mood
disorders. According to what you know about their function,
which neurotransmitter system do these types of drugs try to
affect?
Serotonin
Adrenaline
Acetylcholine
Endorphins
Morphine
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Which sentence most closely describes
neural transmission?
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ec
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An electric charge is created in the
neuron, the charge travels down the cell,
and chemicals are released that cross the
synapse to the next cell
A chemical change occurs within the cell,
the change causes an electric charge to
be produced, and the charge jumps the
gap between the nerve cells
The electric charge produced chemically
inside a group of neurons causes
chemical changes in surrounding cells
Neurotransmitters produced in the
hindbrain are transmitted to the forebrain,
causing electric changes in the cerebral
cortex
Neural transmission is an electrochemical
process both inside and outside the cell
...
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Dr. Dahab, a brain researcher, is investigating the connection between
certain environmental stimuli and brain processes. Which types of brain
scans is he most likely to use?
MRI and CAT
CAT and EKG
PET and EEG
EKG and CAT
Lesioning and
MRI
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Split-brain patients are unable to:
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ab
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Coordinate movements between
their major and minor muscle groups
Speak about information received
exclusively in their right hemisphere
Speak about information received
exclusively in their left hemisphere
Solve abstract problems involving
integrating logical (left-hemisphere)
and spatial (right-hemisphere)
information
Speak about information received
exclusively through their left ear, left
eye, or left side of their bodies
Sp
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When brain researchers refer to brain
plasticity, they are talking about:
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The brain’s ability to quickly
regrow damaged neurons
The surface texture and
appearance cause by the layer
known as the cerebral cortex
The brain’s versatility caused by
the millions of different neural
connections
Our adaptability to different
problems ranging from survival
needs to abstract reasoning
New connections forming in the
brain to take over for damaged
sections
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Mr. Hawthorne is a 39-year old male who has been brought into your neurology
clinic by his wife. She has become increasingly alarmed by her husband’s behavior
over the last four months. His list of symptoms include: increased appetite, body
temperature fluctuations, decreased sexual desire, poor balance when walking and
standing and a general lack of coordination. Which two parts of the brain would you
predict are being affected by the tumors?
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Motor cortex and
emotion cortex
Somato-sensory cortex
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and hypothalamus
Hypothalamus and
cerebellum
Cerebellum and medulla
Thalamus and motor
cortex
yp
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In most people, which one of the following is a specific
function of the left hemisphere that is typically not
controlled by the right hemisphere?
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1. Producing speech
2. Control of the left
hand
3. Spatial reasoning
4. Hypothesis testing
5. Abstract
reasoning
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A neuron without terminal buttons would
be unable to:
Receive information from
neighboring neurons
Generate an action potential
Direct the synthesis of
:25
neurotransmitters
Secrete neurotransmitters to
other neurons
Transport ions across the cell
membrane
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Scientists are able to see changes in the
brain as it processes information by
means of:
Lesioning
Autopsy
CT
MRI
PET
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The simplest behaviors we carry on:
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Are learned when we
are infants
Do not involve the
central nervous system
Are reinforced through
conditioning
Include sneezing and
blinking
Must be processed by
the medulla
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Of the following, the effect of adrenalin on
the body is most similar to the effect of the:
1. Cerebellum
2. Parathyroids
3. Somatic nervous
system
4. Parasympathetic
nervous system
5. Sympathetic
nervous system
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Mr. Jenkins’ suffered a stroke as a result of a brain injury.
Although he can still move the fingers on his right hand, he
has lost sensation in these parts. Of the following, the site
of damage to his brain is most likely in the:
1. Right frontal lobe
2. Right temporal
lobe
3. Left frontal lobe
4. Left parietal lobe
5. Hypothalamus
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Which of the following glands interact(s)
most directly with all of the others to help
regulate body processes?
Pituitary
Adrenals
Parathyroids
Thyroid
Ovaries
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Gunshot wounds, tumors, and strokes all
result in:
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1. Infections
2. Significant loss of
function
3. Lesions
4. Pain
5. Necessity for
surgery
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Team Scores
400
400
The brain trust
Driven by hormones
400
400
400
High on endorphins
The Dendritic warriors
We have huge brains
300
300
The firing neurons
We have potential
Which includes all of the others?
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Autonomic nervous
system
Peripheral nervous
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system
Somatic nervous system
Parasympathetic
nervous system
Sympathetic nervous
system
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Which stimulates a muscle to contract?
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Adrenal hormones
Receptors
Sensory neurons
Motor neurons
Interneurons
ne
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2.
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4.
5.
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Loss of the ability of the brain to produce
adequate levels of dopamine often leads
to:
1. Aphasia
2. Alzheimer’s
disease
3. Parkinson’s
disease
4. Bipolar disorder
5. Amnesia
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The charge of a resting neuron is:
Primarily a negative
charge
Primarily a positive
charge
Neither a negative or
positive charge
Primarily effected by
neurotransmitters
Primarily effected by
hormones
3.
4.
5.
:25
0%
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
11
12
0%
0%
0%
0%
a
ne
Pr
...
im
ar
ily
a
po
N
ei
...
th
er
a
ne
ga
Pr
...
im
ar
ily
ef
fe
Pr
...
im
ar
ily
ef
fe
...
2.
Pr
im
ar
ily
1.
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
This is an example of a sympathetic
function:
6
7
8
9
10
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
11
12
13
14
16
ou
tt
...
r..
.
g
ar
in
g
17
0%
yo
u
d.
..
a
up
ng
15
0%
gu
rin
5
0%
18
Fi
4
M
3
on
ito
g
2
Pr
om
ot
in
1
0%
..
0%
yo
ur
...
5.
th
e.
4.
ck
i
3.
Pi
2.
Pr
ep
Promoting your sexual
development
Monitoring the operation of
:25
the body’s routing functioning
Picking up a dime off the
floor
Preparing yourself to fight an
attacking dog
Figuring out the answer to a
difficult test question
rin
g
1.
19
20
Team Scores
900
900
The brain trust
High on endorphins
900
900
800
The Dendritic warriors
We have huge brains
The firing neurons
800
600
Driven by hormones
We have potential