Transcript Respiratory system

Human Systems
Major Functions
Getting and delivering oxygen
Getting food and removing waste
Communication
Function 1: Getting and Delivering
Oxygen
• Why???
One word: ENERGY!!!!
Remember: In Cell respiration
oxygen is combined with glucose to
make ATP and CO2 (waste)
How do we get the oxygen?
• Requires two systems:
– Respiratory system: brings O2 into
the body
– Circulatory system: delivers O2 to
EVERY single cell in your body
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
Movement of Oxygen is diffusion!!
Now the oxygen is in the Circulatory system
So…. time for some more anatomy!
Three major parts to Circ. System
1. Vessels
2. Heart
3. Blood
Arteriole
Artery
Capillary
Capillary Bed
Venule
Vein
T
H
E
H
E
A
R
T
Evolution of the heart
• Fish
– Two chambers
– High pressure ONLY between ventricle and gills
– Low oxygenated pressure = limited rapid activity
• Amphibians
– Three chambers, 2 atria, 1 ventricle
– Mixed blood in the ventricle
– High pressure to lungs and body
Evolution of the Heart
• Some reptiles
– Partial separation of ventricles
– Increased efficiency of oxygen transport
• Mammals, birds and crocodiles
– Four chambered heart
– Two separate pumps (ventricles)
– High pressure, oxygen rich blood to the body
– RESULT: high activity levels possible
Processing the food we eat
• Why do we need food?
– Reactants for cell respiration (energy)
– Building blocks for new cells, tissues, etc.
– Essential nutrients: minerals, vitamins, etc.
• What happens to materials we can’t use?
– Stored for later
– Excreted
– Converted into something we can use
Two main systems involved:
• Digestive: Breaks down food into
small molecules (monomers!) and
absorb the nutrients into the blood
stream for delivery
Two main systems involved:
• Excretory: Maintain Homeostasis
– internal balance of chemicals
–Rids body of metabolic wastes
• Wastes produced by body’s
metabolism
• Eg: Salts, Carbon Dioxide, Urea
• BUT how do we deliver the “good stuff”?
Salivary Glands
Esophagus
Liver
Stomach
Gall
Bladder
Lg. Intestine
Pancreas
Sm. Intestine
Peristalsis –
Villus
Small Intestine
Circular folds
Epithelial cells
Villi
Capillaries
Lacteal
Vein
Artery
• Bile: produced in the liver and stored in the
gall bladder; function- breaks down/ dissolves
lipids
• HCl: stomach; function- unravels proteins
• Sodium Bicarbonate: pancreas; functionneutralizes acid
• Amylase: salivary glands; function- breaks
down starch
• Pepsin: stomach; function- breaks down
proteins
Differences in Digestive Systems
• In animals that eat grass, a more complex system
is needed to digest cellulose.
• Any system that processes cellulose (cows,
termites) requires a digestive area that contains
micro-organisms that break down the cellulose.
• Differences in what foods can be utilized affect
how we can change our eating habits.
Excretion
Major Excretory Organs
–Skin – water and salts
–Lungs – CO2
–Large intestines –
excess/indigestible solid food waste
–Kidneys and associated organs –
Urea – liquid metabolic waste
Vein
Kidney
Ureter
Excretory
System
Urinary bladder
Urethra
Artery
Bowman’s capsule
Cortex
Kidney
Nephron
Glomerulus
Medulla
Capillaries
Renal artery
Renal vein
Collecting duct
Ureter
Vein
To the bladder
Artery
Loop of Henle
To the ureter
Filtration
Most filtration occurs in
the glomerulus. Blood
pressure forces water,
salt, glucose, amino
acids, and urea into
Bowman’s capsule.
Proteins and blood cells
are too large to cross the
membrane; they remain
in the blood. The fluid
that enters the renal
tubules is called the
filtrate.
Reabsorption
As the filtrate flows
through the renal
tubule, most of the
water and nutrients are
reabsorbed into the
blood. The concentrated
fluid that remains is
called urine.
Secretion
Substances such as
hydrogen ions are
transferred from the
blood to the filtrate.
Communications In the Body
Two systems involved:
1.Nervous – Quick response, electrical
messages; short lived; Examples?
2.Endocrine – slow, longer term
response, chemical messages
(hormones); examples?
Nervous System
• Central Nervous System
– Brain and spinal cord
– Its main job is to get the information from the
body and send out instructions.
• Peripheral Nervous System
– The peripheral nervous system is made up of all of
the nerves and the wiring. This system sends the
messages from the brain to the rest of the body.
Job of Each Part of the Neuron
• Neurons
have
specialized
extensions
called
dendrites
and axons.
Dendrites bring information to the cell
body and axons take information away
from the cell body. The cell body (soma)
contains the nucleus and cytoplasm
How do signals go from one neuron to
the next
• Junction between to neurons
– Axon of one cell  Dendrite of the NEXT cell
Chemicals released
from one neuron to
“stimulate” the
next are called
neurotransmitters
What does the nervous system
respond to?
• Stimuli
• Neurons are able to respond to stimuli (such
as touch, sound, light, and so on), conduct
impulses, and communicate with each other
(and with other types of cells like muscle
cells).
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iNgGKSNiNw&feature=player_embedded
Brain
• Cerebrum
– Frontal Lobe
– Parietal Lobe
– Temporal Lobe
– Occipital Lobe
• Cerebellum
• Brainstem
– Medulla oblongata
– Pons
Cerebrum
• Voluntary or conscious activities
– Outer surface – Cerebral Cortex (grey matter)
• Processes information from sense organs
• Controls body movements
– Inner surface – White matter (bundles of axons)
Cerebellum
• Location: Back lower area inside skull, near
brainstem
• Coordination and balance, fine motor skills
(grace and efficiency)
Brain Stem
• Connects brain to spinal cord
• Two regions
– Medulla
– Pons
• Controls involuntary processes
– Blood pressure, heartrate, breathing swallowing
Reflex Response
REFLEX RESPONSE
Reflex response
• Receptor cell detects stimulus  impulse to
CNS motor neuron
Reflex Arc
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y5nj3ZfeY
DQ&feature=related