Transcript Nervous System

Nervous System
Sports Training and Physiology
Kociuba
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Nervous System - Objectives
• Label and name the parts of the NS
– the divisions of the NS
• Explain what a neuron looks like and the
types you have in your body
• Describe the functions of the NS
Nervous System – Objectives 2
• Name the 4 major parts of the brain
• Describe the function of the 4 parts of the
brain
• Explain how the major parts of the brain
are broken into smaller parts and their
functions
• Describe what happens as people age
Part 1 of the N.S.
• Central Nervous System (CNS)
– Brain
• Located in the skull
– Spinal Cord
• Located in the vertebral canal
• Broken into 5 regions
–
–
–
–
–
Cervical (Head, neck, shoulder, and upper limb movement)
Thoracic (Rib and hip movement, Posture)
Lumbar (Hip and lower limb movement)
Sacral (Lower limb movement)
Coccygeal (tailbone)
Part 2 of the N. S.
• Peripheral Nervous System
(PNS)
– External to the CNS
– Divided into 2 parts
• Sensory or Afferent division
• Motor or Efferent division (divided into 2
parts)
– Somatic motor nervous system
– Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
Cells of the Nervous System
• Neurons (primary cells)
– Consist of a cell body and two types of
processes
• Dendrites: Short, often highly branched
cytoplasmic extensions that are tapered from their
bases at the neuron cell body to their tips
• Axons: long cell process extending from the
neuron cell body
• Glial Cells or Neuroglia (secondary cells)
Structural Classifiaction of Neurons
• Multi-polar Neuron
– many dendrites and an axon
• Bi-polar Neuron
– a dendrite and
an axon
• Uni-polar Neuron
– an axon and
no dendrites
Ways the Cells get information
• Cells either gain their information by:
– Secreting chemicals to the body and brain
– Create and send electrical impulses to get
information to the body and the brain
The Brain
AKA:
the control center
of the body
The Brain and It’s Parts…
• The control center for many of the body’s
functions
• Parts
– Brainstem
– Cerebellum
– Diencephalon
– Cerebrum
• Connective tissue membranes
Brain Stem
• Consists of
– Medulla oblongata
– Pons
– Midbrain
• Connects the spinal
cord and cerebellum
to the remainder of
the brain
• 10-12 pairs of cranial
nerves arise from it
Cerebellum and Diencephalon
• Attached to the posterior
brainstem
• The word means “little
brain”
• Divided into:
– Anterior lobe
– Posterior lobe
• Located between the
brainstem and cerebrum
• Main components
– Thalamus
• emotions
– Subthalamus
• Motor functions
– Epithalamus
• Sense of smell
• Sleep-wake cycle
– Hypothalamus
• ANS
• Endocrine and Lymbic
• Basic body functions
Cerebrum
• What most people think
of when they think of the
brain
• Accounts for the largest
portion of total brain
weight
• Divided into right and
left hemispheres by a
longitudinal fissure
• Each hemisphere is
divided into lobes
–
–
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–
Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe
Meninges, Ventricles,
and Cerebrospinal Fluid
• Meninges are connective tissues that
surround and protect things
• The ventricles hold the Cerebrospinal
Fluid
• Cerebrospinal Fluid fills the ventricles, the
space around the brain and is found in the
spinal cord
Functions of the Nervous System
• Sensory Input
– Sensory receptors monitor external and
internal stimuli
• Integration
– The brain and spinal cord process input and
either respond, store, or ignore the input
Functions of the Nervous System
• Control of Muscles and Glands
– Controls the major movements of the body
(skeletal muscle) as well as cardiac muscle,
smooth muscle, and glands
• Homeostasis
– Stimulates or inhibits the activities of other
systems to help maintain a constant internal
environment
Functions of the Nervous System
• Mental Activity
– The brain is the center of this function
– It is the center of all activities
• Consciousness
• Thinking
• Memory
• Emotions
NS and the Skin
• Regulates body
temperature by
controlling sweat
glands and blood
vessels
• The skin hold
receptors for heat,
cold, temp, pain,
pressure and
vibration so that the
NS can regulate what
happens to the skin
NS and the:
• Bones
– The NS makes one
aware of pain when a
bone is broken making
it less likely for us to
move the part.
– The bones support
and protect the NS
• Muscles
– Stimulates muscle
contractions
• Voluntary
• Involuntary
– Maintains muscle tone
– Sensory receptors in
the muscles tell the
body where it is
NS and the:
• Endocrine System
• Controls the release
of hormones
– These hormones in
turn affect neuron
growth and
metabolism
• Lymphatic System
• Stimulates and
Inhibits immunity in
ways that are not well
understood
NS and the:
• Cardiovascular
• Respiratory System
System
• Regulates depth and
• Regulates heart rate
rate in which we
and force of
breathe
contraction
• Changes blood vessel
diameter
NS and the Digestive System
• Regulates secretion from the digestive
glands
• Regulates secretion from the digestive
organs
• Controls the mixing and movement of the
digestive tract
Aging and the Nervous System
• As people age:
– The size and weight of the brain decreases
– The senses gradually decline because the
number of neurons in this area declines
– The functions of all other neurons decreases
because the number of neurons decline as
well
– CNS processing decreases
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jJfESattZOY