Transcript Your Skeletal System

Coordination and Movement
Chapter 11
Your Skeletal
System
Chapter 11 Section 1
Functions of the Skeletal System
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1. Support framework of the body
2. Allows body movement
3. Protects body’s internal organs
4. Stores body materials
5. Produces red blood cells
Development of Bones
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Your bones are living structures that undergo
change throughout your life.
A newborns skeleton are made up mostly of
cartilage.
As you grow the cartilage ossifies into bone.
Ossification is the process of cartilage turning to
bone.
After ossification is complete bones continue to
rebuild repair bone tissue.
Structure of Bones
There are two types of bone tissue
Spongy bone tissue
Compact bone tissue
There are two types of bone marrow
Red bone marrow- produces 100 billion RB cells
in a day
Yellow bone marrow- stores fat
Structure of Bones
Joints
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Joints allow for bodily movement and
protect bones from force.
Some joints are immovable or fixed (skull)
Others allow movement.
There are many different types of joints;
ball and socket, hinge, pivot, gliding,
ellipsoidal, and semi-movable
Joints
Ligaments
Ligaments are strong fibrous tissue bands that
connect bones together at joints.
Keeping Your Skeleton Healthy
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Eating Well- adequate amounts of the minerals
calcium and phosphorus will ensure strong
healthy bone development and ossification.
Keeping Your Skeleton Healthy
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Significant mineral loss can
lead to osteoporosis. A
disease in which bones
deteriorate and become
increasingly brittle.
Other nutrients and
minerals important for bone
development are
magnesium potassium, and
vitamins A, B, & D.
Keeping Your Skeleton Healthy
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Weight bearing exercise such as running,
walking, and weight training, stimulate bone
cells to make more bone.
Building up bone mass in your teen years
will decrease the chances of you
developing osteoporosis.
Avoiding Bone Injuries.
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A common injury to bones is a fracture or break. It
may be cracked or broken in two or more pieces.
A compound fracture is when the bone breaks the skin.
Broken bones are placed back together at the broken
ends and splinted or placed in a cast to prevent
movement, further injury, and promote bone repair.
You can protect your bones from fracture by wearing
appropriate safety equipment.
Joint Injuries
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Sprains- an overstretched or torn ligament.
Dislocation- the ends of the bones are forced out
of their normal positions.
Torn Cartilage- serious damage to the cartilage
between the bones; most common in the knees.
Overuse injuries- when an activity is performed
too often or too strenuously and the joints may
become inflamed.
Quiz
1. There are 5 functions of the skeletal system
name two.
2. Name the two types of bone marrow.
3. When bones are forming they start off as what?
4. A place in your body where two or more bones
come together.
5. Name two things that will help keep bones
healthy.
Your Muscular System
Chapter 11 Section 2
3 types of Muscle
1. Smooth Muscle- Involuntary muscle that causes
movement within your body. Examples are muscles
within your digestive system (esophagus) and inside
of your blood vessels.
2. Cardiac Muscle- is an involuntary that is found
only in the heart. It is unique in that it is made up of
both smooth and skeletal muscle.
3. Skeletal muscle- voluntary muscles that you
control by doing activities. They allow movement of
the body. AKA Striated muscle.
Muscle Types
Tendons
Are strong fibrous tissues that connect muscles
to bones.
Each end of the muscle has a tendon that either
attaches to the bone that is moved (insertion) or
attaches to the bone that is not moved (origin)
Tendons
How do Muscles Work?
Muscles work by contracting and moving the bones.
Muscles also work in pairs; these pairs work in
opposition.
As one muscle contracts the other relaxes.
As one muscle shortens the other lengthens.
Muscles Work in Pairs
Muscle Tone, Atrophy, & Hypertrophy
Muscle tone- slight tension in the muscles. It is also a slight
contraction. Example keeping your head up. While you may
not be moving your head the muscles that control your head
are keeping tension on it to keep your head up.
Atrophy- When a muscle becomes smaller and weaker from not
being used. This can happen when a bone is broken and had
been in a cast for a long period of time or if one is very
inactive.
Hypertrophy- When a muscle becomes larger and stronger from
being overloaded with resistance and weight.
Muscle Tone and Atrophy
Keeping your Muscles Healthy
A strain is a pulled or overstretched muscle.
Tendonitis- inflammation of the tendon
generally caused from overexertion or overuse.
Warm up and stretch- to prevent muscle strains
and tendon injuries
Work your muscles! You must exercise to
maintain or strengthen your muscles!
Quiz
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There are 3 types of muscle tissue name one.
Where in the body can you find cardiac
muscle?
This tissue attaches a muscle to bone.
When a muscle weakens and gets smaller it is
called ________________.
What is tendonitis?
Your Nervous System
Chapter 11 Section 3
The Nervous System Flow Chart
Nervous System
Central Nervous
System
Brain
Spinal Cord
Peripheral Nervous
System
Sensory Division
Motor Division
Cerebrum
Somatic NS
Cerebellum
Autonomic NS
Brain Stem
What is the Nervous System?
Your nervous system receives information about what
is going on inside and outside of your body. Then it
processes the information and forms a response to it.
These functions are accomplished with the help of the
basic unit of the nervous system- a type of cell called a
neuron.
Neurons carry messages, or impulses, from one part of
your body to another.
The Neuron
There are three basic parts of the neuron.
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Dendrite- dendrites carry nerve impulses toward a
neuron’s cell body.
Cell Body- controls the cell’s basic functions
Axon- Impulses travel along axons toward the other
cells.
The Neuron
There are 3 types of neurons.
Sensory neurons- information about your external and
internal environment is gathered by sensory neurons through
your sense organs or other parts of your body.
Interneurons- located only in the brain and spinal cord;
they pass impulses from one neuron to another.
Motor Neurons- commanded by other neurons, motor
neurons send impulses to muscles and glands.
Neurons
Central Nervous and Peripheral
Nervous Systems
The Central Nervous System is the control
center of the body. It includes the brain and
spinal cord.
The Peripheral Nervous System includes all
the other parts of the nervous system, excluding
the brain and spinal cord.
The Brain
The brain is a moist, spongy organ that
weighs about 3 lbs.
It is made up of about 100 billion neurons
that control almost everything.
The brain is protected and cushioned by
layers of membranes and fluids
There are 3 major areas of the brain;
cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem.
The Cerebrum
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85%of the brain’s weight
Divided into left and right
hemispheres
Each side controls the
opposite side of the body.
Right side is associated with
creativity and artistic ability
Left side is associated with
mathematical and logical
thinking.
Are you left or right brained?
The Cerebellum
Coordinates your body’s movements and helps you keep your
balance.
The Brain Stem
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Lies between the cerebrum
and the spinal cord.
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Consists of 3 structuresmidbrain, pons, & medulla
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These structures control
involuntary actions like
sneezing, breathing, and the
eye’s reaction to light.
Spinal Cord
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Thick column of tissue that links the brain to the
peripheral nervous system.
It’s protected by the vertebrae, membranes, & spinal
fluid.
Nerve impulses travel from the brain through the
spinal cord and then out the rest of the body via
spinal nerves.
Messages are sent to the brain in the reverse order.
Spinal Cord
Peripheral Nervous System
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The network of nerves that
links the rest of your body
to your brain and spinal
cord.
The PNS carries info to the
CNS and then carries
responses from the CNS to
the body.
The PNS is divided into the
sensory and motor
divisions.
Sensory Division
Some nerves carry
information about your
outside environment to
the CNS.
Sensory Division
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Other sensory nerves
carry info about the
internal body conditions,
such as heart rate and
body temp. to the CNS.
Motor Division = 2 Systems
Somatic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous
System
Carry signals that
control voluntary actions
like chewing gum or
walking down the hall.
Regulate actions that
happen automatically
like breathing and
digestion.
How to Keep the Nervous System
Healthy
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Avoid Head Injuries such as concussions, & comas, by
wearing helmets and seat belts.
Avoid spinal cord injuries because they can lead to
paralysis in the same ways that you prevent head
injuries.
Avoid nerve injuries such as carpal tunnel syndrome.
Prevent infections such as meningitis and rabies.
The Nervous System Flow Chart
Nervous System
Central Nervous
System
Brain
Spinal Cord
Peripheral Nervous
System
Sensory Division
Motor Division
Cerebrum
Somatic NS
Cerebellum
Autonomic NS
Brain Stem
Quiz
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What is the basic component of the nervous system?
There are three kinds of neurons _____________,
interneurons, and motor neurons.
We discussed two common head injuries, name one.
A thick column of nerve tissue that links the brain to
the rest of the Peripheral Nervous System.
There are three main parts of the brain the cerebrum,
the cerebellum, and the _____________________.