Transcript The Nervous System - Underground Notes

The Nervous System
p. 276
The
central
processing
unit
1
Parts of the Nervous System p. 276
Central Nervous System (CNS): brain and spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): craniospinal nerves
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): nerves that control
vital organs: heart, lungs, brain, etc.
2
Neurons: nervous system cells p. 277
All neurons have:
one axon
one cell body
one or more dendrite
3
Types of Neurons
p. 277
type
connected to
carry
impulses
from
sensory
receptors (eyes,
ears, other sense
organs)
other neurons
sense organs spinal cord
and brain
(efferent)
effectors (muscles
and glands)
other neurons
spinal cord
and brain
muscles
and glands
connector
other neurons
other
neurons
other neurons
(afferent)
motor
(interneuron)
carry
impulses
to
4
Receptors
(eyes, ears, other sense organs)
change information from outside the
body ( for example, light waves) into
electrical impulses.
5
More nerve terms
p. 277
nerve fibers
Dendrites and axions
nerve
A bundle of dendrites and axions
nucleus
A group of neuron cell bodies INSIDE
the brain and spinal cord
(plural: nucleii)
ganglion
(plural: ganglia)
A group of neuron cell bodies OUTSIDE
the brain and spinal cord
synapse
The space connecting one neuron to
another
neurotransmitter
A chemical which transmits an electrical
impulse from one neuron to the next 6
The Central Nervous System includes p.278
White matter:
bundles of axions and dendrites
Gray matter:
masses of nerve cell bodies
The brain:
The spinal cord:
inside the cranium
inside the vertebral column
(the “backbone”)
7
The meninges: three membranes p. 278
envelop the entire CNS
(central nervous system)
dura mater
The outer, hardest, toughest
arachnoid
The middle, web like
pia mater
The inner, thinner
8
Spaces between the meninges p. 278
Dura mater
Subdural space
Arachnoid
Pia mater
Subarachnoid space
BRAIN
9
Spaces between the meninges p. 278
10
What if a cell dies? p. 278
Neurons cannot reproduce.
Once a nervous system connection is broken, it
is broken forever.
11
References
www.nlm.nih.gov
12
The Brain
p. 279
13
Parts of the Brain
p. 280
brainstem
cerebellum
diencephalon
cerebrum
14
Parts of the brainstem
p. 280
pons: connects the medulla oblongata, the cerebellum, and
cerebrum
midbrain: contains auditory (hearing), visual (sight), and
muscle control centers.
medulla oblongata: lowest and most posterior
(at the back of the brain)
The hindbrain includes the pons and the medulla.
15
The brainstem
www.daviddarling.info/images/brainstem.jpg
16
The pons (the bridge)
p. 280
Connects the medulla oblongata, cerebellum, and
cerebrum
Associates with sensory nerves: taste, hearing, and balance.
Controls muscles of the face.
17
The medulla oblongata p. 280
controls
alertness
heart action
respiration (breathing)
blood pressure
connects the CEREBRUM with the SPINAL CORD
the RIGHT side of the brain controls the LEFT side of the body.
the LEFT side of the brain controls the RIGHT side of the body.
18
The midbrain p. 280
controls
vision
hearing
muscles
19
The cerebellum p. 281
coordinates muscle activity.
has three parts:
the vermis
the right cerebellar hemisphere
the left cerebellar hemisphere
20
The diencephalon p. 281
is located between the midbrain and
the cerebrum
has three parts:
the thalamus: receives sensory
information and sends it to the cerebral
cortex.
the epithalamus: contains the pineal
body and olfactory centers.
the hypothalamus: connects the
endocrine and nervous systems.
http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/A/anatomy_and_physiology.html
21
The hypothalamus p. 281
connects the endocrine and nervous systems.
controls
the autonomic nervous system
body temperature
carbohydrate and fat metabolism
appetite
emotions
www.brainexplorer.org
22
The cerebrum
p. 281
is divided into two cerebral hemispheres
has an outer surface,
or CORTEX,
made of “gray matter”
www.laskerfoundation.org
23
The cerebral cortex
p. 281
is divided into parts called lobes:
1. the frontal lobe
2. the parietal lobe
3. the temporal lobe
4. the occipital lobe
www.colorado.edu
24
The frontal lobe p. 282
is the center for voluntary movement
is called the “motor area” (movement)
includes the prefrontal area,
for intelligence, creativity, memory, and ideas.
25
The parietal lobe p. 282
Collects, recognizes, and organizes sensations:
feelings of
pain
temperature
touch
position
movement
26
The temporal lobe p. 282
processes auditory (hearing) information
stores auditory (hearing) and visual (seeing)
memories
includes Broca’s speech area
27
The occipital lobe p. 282
is at the back of the cerebral hemisphere
involves
vision
visual memory
eye movements
28
Side to side? p. 282
The right
hemisphere
controls the left
side of the body!
The left
hemisphere
controls the right
side of the body!
29
The limbic system p. 282
controls emotions and memory
30
Cerebrospinal fluid p 282-283
Cerebrospinal fluid: watery liquid
is found inside the brain, spinal cord, and
subarachnoid space
supports the brain’s weight
protects and cushions the brain and the spinal
cord
31
PNS: Peripheral Nervous System
p. 282-287
Includes all the nerves and ganglia outside the
brain and spinal cord
cranial nerves: 12 pairs of nerves connected
directly to the brain
spinal nerves: 31 pairs of nerves connected to
the spinal cord
32
Nerve Pathways
p. 287
Somatic (body) motor pathways carry impulses
from the CNS (central nervous system) to
skeletal muscles
pyramidal pathways carry impulses that control
voluntary actions that involve thought
extrapyramidal pathways carry impulses that
control automatic movements, such as walking
33
Reflexes p. 287
A reflex is an action that:
occurs below the brain, within in the spinal cord
is an automatic reaction
is not conscious (voluntary)
can be inborn (a baby has it at birth, such as
sucking, swallowing, urinating)
can be learned (such as talking,walking, driving)
34
More reflexes p. 287
INBORN
LEARNED
knee jerk reflex
pupillary reflex
Babinski
swallowing
coughing
blinking
reading
typing
swimming
dancing
skating
playing football
35
Important reflexes p. 287
knee jerk: lower leg jerks when knee is tapped
Babinski: toes curl up when sole of foot is
stroked
pupillary: pupils of eyes contract in bright light
36
The Autonomic Nervous System
p. 287
controls
involuntary, smooth, and cardiac (heart) muscles
and glands.
systems that work automatically: digestive,
circulatory, respiratory, urinary, and endocrine.
37
The Autonomic Nervous System
has two parts
the sympathetic system
the parasympathetic system
These parts work together to maintain
homeostasis: normal balance of the systems in
the body. (More information on pg. 288)
38
Related Terms: parts of the Nervous System
p. 289
central nervous system
peripheral nervous system
autonomic system
39
Related Terms: Central
Nervous System
(CNS)
p. 289
The part of the nervous system that includes:
the brain
the spinal cord
40
Related Terms:
Autonomic System
p. 289
part of the peripheral nervous system
serves automatic systems
cannot be controlled voluntarily
includes:
parasympathetic system
peripheral system
41
Related Terms:
Peripheral System
p. 289
part of the nervous system
includes nerves and ganglia outside the spinal
cord and brain:
cranial nerves
spinal nerves
autonomic nervous system
42
Related Terms:
Anatomy p. 289 – 290
cerebellum: second largest part of the brain
cerebrum: largest part of the brain
cerebral cortex: outer part of the cerebrum;
contains gray matter
cerebrospinal fluid: watery fluid in the brain and
spinal cord
convolution: fold in the surface of the cerebrum
43
Related Terms:
Anatomy
p. 290
corpus callosum: connection between the two
hemispheres (halves) of the cerebrum
dura mater: membrane surrounding the brain
and spinal cord
fissure: deep groove on the surface of the brain
foramen magnum: hole in the back of the
cranium through which the spinal cord passes
44
Related Terms:
anatomy
p. 290
hemisphere: either the right or the left side of
the brain
hippocampus: memory center of the brain, may
be related to learning and memory problems
lateral ventricle: open space in each
hemisphere of the brain
limbic system: the “emotional brain”
45
Related terms:
Anatomy
p. 290
lobes (parts) of the cerebrum
occipital (in the back)
frontal (in the front)
temporal (on top)
parietal (on the sides)
46
Related terms:
Anatomy
p. 290
medulla oblongata: posterior part of the brain
connected to the spinal cord
meninges: three membranes surrounding the
central nervous system:
dura mater
pia mater
arachnoid
midbrain: upper part of the brainstem
47
Related Terms:
Spinal Nerves
p. 291
spinal cord: lowest part of the central nervous
system (CNS); extends from the medulla
oblongata to the base of the spine
subarachnoid: space between the pia mater and
the arachnoid
subdural space: space between the dura mater
and the arachnoid.
48
Nerve Structures and Related Terms
p. 291
myelinated nerves: nerves covered with white
fatty material called myelin
neuron: single nerve cell; has a cell body, axon,
and dendrites
neurotransmitters: chemicals that stimulate
(start) or prohibit (prevent) the transmission of
nervous impulses
49
Nerve Structures and Related Terms
p. 291
plexus: network of spinal nerves
reflex: an action done without a person’s control,
such as blinking
sensory neurons: nerves that carry information
from the sense organs to the spinal cord
synapse: space between two neurons, across
which an impulse is transmitted (passed)
50
Related Terms: Cranial Nerves
p. 292
There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves. Here are a
few of them:
acoustic (also called auditory): hearing
facial: facial muscles and taste
olfactory: sense of smell
51
Related Terms: More Cranial Nerves
p. 292
opthalmic: forehead, nose, and eye
optic: retina (back) of the eye
trigeminal: eye and upper and lower jaws
vagus: most of the trunk of the body
52
Related Terms: Spinal Nerves
p. 292 – 293
There are many spinal nerves.
Spinal nerves are identified by numbers and letters.
C = A nerve connected to one of the cervical (neck) vertebrae
T = A nerve connected to one of the thoracic (upper body) vertebrae
L = A nerve connected to one of the lumbar ( middle body) vertebrae
S = A nerve connected to one of the sciatic (lower body) vertebrae
EX: L4 means the fourth lumbar vertebra
53
Related Terms: Infections
p. 294
encephalitis: inflammation of the brain
herpes zoster: infection caused by herpes virus;
characterized by small blisters on the skin; also
called “shingles”
meningitis: inflammation of the brain and meninges
myelitis: inflammation of the spinal cord
neuritis: inflammation of a nerve
54
Related Terms: Infections
p. 294 - 295
Poliomyelitis (“polio”): virus infection of the spinal cord,
caused by a polio virus
Polyneuritis: inflammation of a large number of spinal
nerves at the same time
Rabies: infection of the CNS and salivary glands,
transmitted by animal bite
Tetanus: acute bacterial infection caused by a
bacterium found in soil, dust, or animal or human
wastes
55
Related Terms: Hereditary and Congenital
Disorders, p. 295
hereditary: inherited from a parent
congenital: a disorder a child has at birth
developmental: a disorder that appears as a
child grows
56
Related Terms: Hereditary and Congenital
Disorders, p. 295
anencephaly:
congenital (a child is born with it)
bones of cranium are defective
brain and spinal cord do not develop
cephalocele: part of the contents of the cranium
protrude through a hole in the cranium
57
Related Terms: Hereditary and Congenital
Disorders, p. 295
epilepsy
nervous system disorder
inherited or the result of trauma (injury)
patient may have convulsions of four types:
grand mal
petit mal
psychomotor
focal
58
Related Terms: Hereditary and Congenital
Disorders, p. 295
hydrocephalus: enlarged head because of fluid
accumulating inside the cranium
meningocele: the meninges protrude (stick out)
through a defect in the cranium or spine
microcephaly: a baby is born with a very small head
spina bifida: a baby is born with defective vertebrae
59
Related Terms: Circulatory Disturbances, p. 297
cerebral hemorrhage: bleeding into the cerebrum
CVA (cerebrovascular accident)
also called stroke or apoplexy
bleeding in the brain due to ruptured artery
symptoms: headache, nausea, vomiting,
confusion
60
Related Terms: Circulatory Disturbances, p. 297
epidural hematoma: collection of blood outside
the dura mater
intracranial hemorrhage: bleeding inside the
cranium
subdural hemorrhage or hematoma: bleeding
between the dura mater and the arachnoid
membrane
61
Related Terms: Other Organic Abnormalities, p. 297
Alzheimer’s disease: progressive brain disease,
mainly of the elderly (people over 65)
ALS (amytrophic lateral sclerosis): progressive
nervous system disease of the spinal cord with
muscle weakness and twitching.
Aphasia: loss of the ability to speak or write
Ataxia: loss of muscle coordination
62
Related Terms: Other Organic Abnormalities, p. 297
Alzheimer’s disease: progressive brain disease,
mainly of the elderly (people over 65)
ALS (amytrophic lateral sclerosis): progressive
nervous system disease of the spinal cord with
muscle weakness and twitching.
aphasia: loss of the ability to speak or write
ataxia: loss of muscle coordination
63
Related Terms: Other Organic Abnormalities,
p. 297 - 298
aura: before an epileptic seizure, a patient sees,
smells, hears, or feels something unusual.
Bell’s palsy: weakness on one side of the face
cerebral palsy: brain damage affecting control of
muscles
chorea: nervous disease with involuntary jerky
movements.
64
Related Terms: Other Organic Abnormalities, p. 298
coma: patient is unconscious, can’t be awakened
delirium: patient has hallucinations, is excited,
restless, and incoherent ( talking in an illogical
way)
dementia: brain deteriorates because of disease
dyskinesia: patient’s movements are incomplete or
uncontrolled, because of disease
65
Related Terms: Other Organic Abnormalities
p. 298
dysphasia: patient doesn’t speak clearly
hemiplegia: one side of the body is paralyzed
Jacksonian seizures: seizures that start in a distant part
of the body, such as the fingers, and spread towards the
center of the body
multiple sclerosis: progressive disorder of brain and
spinal cord, starting early in life, resulting in tremors,
lack of coordination, speech problems,etc.
66
Related Terms: Other Organic Abnormalities
p. 298
narcolepsy: patient suddenly falls asleep
neuralgia: pain in a nerve
palsy: paralysis
paralysis: loss of ability to move a part of the
body
paraplegia: paralysis of lower body and legs
paresis: a form of paralysis
67
Related Terms: Other Organic Abnormalities
p. 298 - 299
Parkinson’s disease: nervous system disease of
late life
amnesia: loss of memory
syncope: fainting
68
Related Terms: Oncology, p. 299
glioma: any tumor (cancer) of the nervous
system
69
Surgical Procedures, p. 300
craniectomy: removing part of the skull
cranioplasty: repairing the skull
crainotomy: surgical opening of the skull
lobectomy: removing a lobe of the brain
lobotomy: cutting into the frontal lobe of the brain
neuroplasty: repair of a nerve
70
Laboratory tests, p. 301
brain scan: using a scanner to diagnose defects of the
brain
cerebrospinal fluid tests: check for blood, infection,and
other abnormalities
echoencephalogram: using ultrasound to check the
brain for abnormalities
electroencephalogram (EEG) using a machine to check
for abnormal electrical activity in the brain
myelography: x-ray of the spinal cord
71
Psychiatric (or Mental) Disorders
p. 302
These diseases of the mind generally are not
caused by physical abnormalities.
alcoholic intoxication: confusion and amnesia
caused by drinking alcohol (being “drunk”)
delirium tremens: mental disturbance caused by
drinking alcohol, with trembling, excitement,
anxiety, hallucinations,and convulsions
72
Psychiatric (or Mental) Disorders
p. 302
anorexia nervosa: an eating disorder sometimes
resulting in the patient starving to death; most
patients are young females.
antisocial personality disorder: patient behaves
in a way that is not acceptable to society; for
example, criminal or violent behavior
73
Psychiatric (or Mental) Disorders
p. 302
attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a child or
adolescent does poorly in school, is restless, has a
short attention span, and is very active physically
bulimia: deliberately vomiting after eating, to control
weight
dissociative disorder: a personality disease
down syndrome: congenital mental retardation with
physical symptoms
74
Psychiatric (or Mental) Disorders
p. 303
mania: extreme excitement
mental retardation: below average intelligence
paranoia: patient believes that people are trying
to harm him
posttraumatic stress disorder: emotional
problems following a traumatic (harmful) event,
such as war, rape, or crime
75
Psychiatric (or Mental) Disorders
p. 303
personality disorder: patient blames problems in
relationships on other people. common types:
paranoid
schizoid
antisocial
passive-aggressive
obsessive-compulsive
76
Psychiatric (or Mental) Disorders
p. 303
phobia: an unreasonable fear
acrophobia: fear of heights
agoraphobia: fear of open or crowded places
claustrophobia: fear of closed-in places
xenophobia: fear of strangers
zoophobia: fear of a animal, or of animals in
general
77
Psychiatric (or Mental) Disorders
p. 303-304
posttraumatic stress disorder: severe anxiety
following a traumatic (frightening or harmful)
event
psychotic disorder: patient is out of touch with
reality, confused, and cannot think properly
substance abuse: patients are dependent on
alcohol and/or drugs, and this interferes with
their work or social lives
78
Other Psychiatric Terms p. 304
amnesia: loss of memory
analgesia: not being able to feel pain
anesthesia: not feeling anything in a body part
apathy: not feeling emotions
asthenia: weakness
autism: personality disorder that affects children
79
Other Psychiatric Terms p. 304 - 305
catalepsy: muscles are rigid
cyclothymic: switching between being very
happy and very sad
delusion: false belief or idea
disorientation: confusion about time, place,
and/or identity
drug dependency: being addicted to or used to
using drugs
80
Other Psychiatric Terms
p. 305
dyslexia: being unable to read well
dysphoria: sadness or depression
egocentric: self-centered
empathy: the ability to understand how other
people feel
euphoria: feeling too happy, the opposite of
dysphoria
81
Other Psychiatric Terms
p. 305
gay: homosexual (slang)
hallucination: seeing, hearing, smelling, feeling,
or tasting something that does not exist
homosexuality: romantic attraction to people of
the same sex
hypnosis: induced condition of altered
consciousness
82
Other Psychiatric Terms
p. 305
incest: sexual relations among close relatives
inertia: not active
insomnia: not able to sleep
introverted: a person thinks about himself and
doesn’t communicate much with other people
83
Other Psychiatric Terms
p. 306-307
malingering: pretending to be sick
neurosis: mild psychiatric (mental) problem
pre-menstrual syndrome (PMS): emotional distress
before the start of menstruation
psychogenic: illness came from psychological, rather
than physical, disease
psychosis: sever mental disorder; patient is out of touch
with reality
sadism: taking pleasure in hurting other people
84
Psychiatric Treatment
p. 308
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT): electric shocks used
to treat depression
antianxiety drugs: tranquilizers, medicine that makes a
person feel calmer
psychotherapy: treatment for psychiatric disorders
psychiatry: medical treatment for diseases of the mind
and emotions
tranquilizer: medicine that makes a person feel calmer
85