Transcript HOA Review Day 4: Total Wars

HOA Review Day 4: Total Wars
WWI
League of Nations
WWII
Tactics of War
Wars impact on minorities
Compare and contrast the causes of
the First World War and the Second
World War.
To what extent did militarism contribute to
the origins of the First World War and the
Second World War?
Causes of Total Wars
WWI
• Militarism
• Alliances
• Imperialism
• Nationalism
WWII
• Nationalism
• Establishment of
authoritarian dictators
• Treaty of Versailles
• Failure of the League of
Nations
• Militarism
Assess the role of Canada in the First
World War.
Assess the role of two countries in
the Americas in First World War.
Role of Canada in WWI
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Canada’s role was significant in their evolutionary path to full nationhood
1914, declared war after England
Thousands of Canadians volunteered for war (4,000 in 1914 = 600,000 by end of WWI)
By 1917, the army had transformed from a militia into an elite assault formation
Important Canadian battles (PINK worksheet): Ypres, Somme, Passchendaele  victories showed Canada’s “coming of
age” and ability to fight independently
Afterwards, PM Borden demanded Britain to treat Canada as an equal
French Canadians (30%) did not support “Britain’s War” and enlistment in Quebec lagged behind English Canada
Heavy losses & dwindling volunteers pressured Borden to implement conscription in 1917 (Military Service Act)
Conscription Crisis  created a deep and lasting divide between English and French
Canadian economy grew and prospered, especially wheat and manufacturing of artillery
War’s cost was heavy…..over 60,000 killed
Canadian Corps on Western front was a huge source of nationalism
Canada earned a seat at the Versailles Treaty (unimaginable in 1914)
Joined the League of Nations and pursued an independent foreign policy
Policy changes formalized by Britain in Statute of Westminster (1931): gave Canada control over its foreign policy
Role of two countries in the Americas
Cuba
Brazil
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Pre-WWI: dependent on exportation of agricultural goods (Especially
coffee)
This trade was threatened by submarine warfare
Attempted to maintain neutrality and trade with all powers, but after
German blockade, Brazilian merchant ships were sunk
La Parana: Brazilian steamship carrying coffee, traveled in accordance
with demands made on neutral nations
Severed relations with Germany April 11, 1917 (After US declared war),
but officially declared war on Germany October 1917
Led to mass protests in Brazil: anti-German violence
Only LA country to be directly involved in war: Navy patrolled Atlantic
and seized German ships
Sent military advisors to the Western front, alongside France
As part of Treaty of Versailles, Brazil was allowed to keep German ships
that were seized during war
Shift in the economy to produce manufactured goods, since agriculture
trade dropped
US encouraged more industrialization and inter-regional trade
Although manufacturing increased, almost completely light consumer
goods
Resentment of foreign involvement: pushed for total
economic/political independence
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Consider this in the scope of US
occupation
Under the Platt Amendment, the US
military had the right to intervene in
Cuban affairs which led to several periods
of occupation pre-WWI
Established a system of dependency on
the US
So when the US declared war, Cuba did
too
No direct involvement – Cuba was used as
a port for navies patrolling the
Atlantic/Caribbean
Conscripted Cubans, but never sent them
overseas
Resentment of foreign involvement:
pushed for total economic/political
independence
Heightened internal divisions
Analyze the reasons for defeat of
Germany in either the First World War
or the Second World War.
Defeat of Germany
World War I
• Necessity of fighting a war on two
fronts
– Due to the failure of the Schlieffen Plan
• Lack of strong allies
• Lack of key economic resources as
supplies were cut off by naval
blockade
• Failure of submarine warfare to
cripple the Allied war effort
– Especially after introduction of convoys
• Involvement of the USA
– Overwhelmed by industrial strength
and manpower
• Internal political unrest & instability
World War II
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Failure to mobilize entire economy and workforce
Failure to prepare for an unexpected long war
against the USSR
Strength of Soviet resistance
Lack of key resources needed for war, especially oil
Declaration of war on the US brought in a powerful
opponent
Failure to defeat Britain
Overwhelming industrial power of the Allies;
couldn’t keep up
Allied bombing campaigns affected war production
Lack of strong allies
Failure to coordinate strategy with Japan
Hitler’s racial policies alienated possible supporters
Failure of submarine warfare to cut off supplies to
the allies
In general, strategic errors by Hitler
Evaluate the importance of air power
in determining the outcome of one
twentieth century war.
• For the purpose of review, pick a total war!!!
Air Power in WWII
• Besides WWII, popular choices will be two world wars, Korea, Vietnam, Falklands,
or Gulf War. Students should not provide a narrative description, but focus on
analyzing how air power affected the outcome of war.
• WWI or Vietnam: may explain that the outcome of war was not greatly affected by
air power
• Areas to consider how air power affected outcome:
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Bombing of civilian and industrial targets (purpose)
Tactical bombing to support ground warfare (blitzkrieg)
Obtaining air superiority to deny the enemy the ability to attack
Reconnaissance
Control of the sea: securing shipping routes, destroying enemy warships and U-boats,
supporting amphibious invasions (D-Day)
– Denying the enemy the ability to move troops or equipment on or to the battlefield
(Battle of Bulge)
• Need a counter argument too! Yes it played a huge role in the outcome, but what
about the failures……Japan and kamikazes? Etc?
Compare and contrast the use of naval
warfare in the First World War and
Second World War
Naval Warfare in the Total Wars
• Similarities:
• Differences:
In what ways, and with what results,
did total wars increase the role and
status of women?
• This is an open-ended question on how 20th century
wars altered the role and status of women. It suggest
that wars raised their status but some candidates could
find evidence to challenge this. The best answers will
include evidence from specific wars!!!
Role of women in Total Wars
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Ways would include:
Role of women in the war effort
Expanded role in the workforce
Results would include:
Increased employment opportunities
Increased responsibilities as heads of families
Gaining the right to vote
Becoming part of the political process
Need to reference specific examples from specific wars!!!
Analyze the results of either the First
World War or Second World War.
Results of Total Wars
WWI
• Short Term
• Long Term
WWII
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Short Term
Long Term
Social: changing status and attitudes
towards social groups: women, African
Americans, Native Americans, “enemy
aliens,” demographic changes
Economic: growth, end of depression,
changes in the economy, patterns of
trade, demobilizations and changes in
employment
“The atomic bombs were necessary to end the Second World
War.” To what extent do you agree with this statement?
• This is a highly debated topic which requires balanced judgments and historical
evidence. It is not a question about the moral justification of dropping the bombs,
but about the opinions that existed before the decision was made. Candidates
might also argue Truman’s political motivations for doing it.
• The answers that can be accepted are factual and analytical!
• Considerable disagreements among US officials about Japan’s capacity to continue
the war: Many believed that a costly invasion of the home islands would be
required before Japan surrendered. A repetition of the resistance shown during the
islands fighting and kamikazes were expected. Battles of Iwo Jima and Okinawa
appeared to foreshadow the kind of defense that Japan would make on their home
islands; an invasion surely would take a large toll of both American and Japanese
lives. Assuming that the alternatives were invasion or dropping the atomic bombs,
American and Japanese casualties in the invasion would have far exceeded the
losses at Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
• Can also include their view of surrender…..
Analyze the reasons for the failure of
collective security between the First
World War and Second World War.
Failure of Collective Security
Reasons
• Absence of the US
• Great Depression
• No enforcement or military
• Self-interest
• Power of Veto
• Sanctions were ineffective
• Failure of Disarmament
• Countries not willing to aide
other countries if attacked
Examples
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Ruhr Crisis
Locarno Era
Abyssinian Crisis
Manchurian Incident
Other possible prompts…..
• Assess the role of each of the following in causing the Second World War: the
Peace Settlement after the First World War; the economic crisis of 1929 onwards;
ideological extremism
– Peace Settlement: Do NOT just list the various provisions, but instead note the extent to
which the decisions made in Paris resolved the tensions which had provoked conflict
and prepared for the future. Could comment on the territorial, economic, collective
security arrangements and the ways in which these satisfied and/or angered the powers
– Economic Crisis: Consider areas such as: the link between economic crisis and the rise
of political extremism, the reluctance of powers to become involved because of
economic problems, the expansionist moves of states in pursuit of answers to economic
problems (desire for new markets/materials)
– Ideological extremism: consideration of Fascism, Nazism, Japanese militarism and the
glorification of force in pursuit of political/racial/economic goals; use of force in the
pursuit of “national interest”
• Compare and contrast the factors that helped and hindered attempts at collective
security in the ten years after each world war.
– League of Nations, NATO, Warsaw Pact, UN