Transcript WWII

WWII
Discuss the major events and
outcomes of WWII.
Nazism
Totalitarianism
Communism
Fascism
*These theories, specifically Communism and Fascism,
are completely different theories that are bitterly
opposed; however they exhibit the same behaviour
I am Joseph Stalin, the leader of the
Soviet Union from 1922-1953.
What is Communism?
• LEFT WING
• based on theory by Karl Marx
• revolutionary idea of a political,
economic and social system that
creates a “classless society”
• state ownership and control of the
means of production (no private
ownership)
• Soviet Communism or “Stalinism”,
was more of a totalitarian and
military state combined with
elements of communism
I am Benito Mussolini the leader (Il
Duce) of Italy from 1922 to 1943.
What is Fascism?
• RIGHT WING
• intense nationalism and elitism
• totalitarian control
• interests of the state more important
than individual rights
• maintain class system and private
ownership
Interesting Fact: Fascism name was derived from
the fasces, an ancient Roman symbol of authority
consisting of a bundle of rods and an ax
I am Adolf Hitler the leader (der Fuhrer)
or dictator of Germany from 1933 to
1945.
What is Nazism?
• extremely fascist , nationalistic and
totalitarian
• based on beliefs of the National
Socialist German Workers Party
• belief in the racial superiority of the
Aryan, the “master race”
• belief that all Germans should have
“lebensraum” or living space in Europe
•Violent hatred towards Jews and
blamed Germany’s problems on them
Adolf Hitler – Mein Kampf
“All the human culture, all the results of art, science and technology
that we see before us today, are almost exclusively the creative
product of the Aryan… It was he who laid the foundations and
erected the walls of every great structure in human culture…
Only an adequate large space on this earth assures a nation of
freedom of existence… We must hold unflinchingly to our aim…
to secure for the German people the land and the soil to which they
are entitled… And so we the Nazis… take up where we broke off 600 years
ago… and turn our gaze toward the East. If we speak of soil in Europe today, we
can primarily have in mind only Russia.”
This Nazi propaganda poster reads,
‘Behind the enemy powers: the Jew.
“The Eternal Jew”
Depiction of a Jew holding gold coins in one hand
and a whip in the other. Under his arm is a map of
the world, with the imprint of the hammer and
sickle. Posters like this promoted a sharp rise in
anti-Semitic feelings, and in some cases violence
against the Jewish community.
• GESTAPO:
the Secret State Police
• SS (Schutzstaffel): Defense Corps “black shirts”, an elite guard
unit formed out of the SA
• SA (Sturmabteilung): Stormtroopers "brown-shirts" early
private Nazi army that protected leaders and opposed rival
political parties
• Lebensraum (living space): concept that emphasized need for
territorial expansion of Germany into east
• Wehrmacht:
German army
• HJ (Hitler Jugend): Hitler Youth
• Einstazgruppen: Nazi Death Squad; mobile killing units
• Volk: all inclusive concept of nation, people and race, implying
the superiority of German culture and race; led to policy of
Volksgemeinschaft (idea of a harmonized racial Nazi community
in government policies and programs)
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Nazi Expansion and WWII
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Aggression and Appeasement, 1933-1939
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Borders and Territory- T of V:
Lebensraum:
Rearmament:
Appeasement:
Rhineland:
Munich Conference:
Sudetenland:
Nevel Chamberlain:
Italy in Ethiopia:
Spanish Civil War:
Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact:
September 1, 1939- Poland :
REMEMBER
Treaty of Versailles
***ARTICLE 231: The “war guilt clause”
***ARTICLE 232: The “reparations” clause
ARTICLE 51: Alsace and Lorraine returned to France
ARTICLE 119: Germany’s colonies are renounced
ARTICLE 45: Germany cedes to France the Saar Basin – coal mine region
ARTICLES 80, 81, 87 AND 116: Germany recognizes independence of:
Austria, Czechoslovakia, Poland and the Baltic nations
(Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania)
ARTICLE 160: German army must not exceed 100,000
ARTICLE 181: German navy must not exceed: 6 battleships, 6 light cruisers
12 destroyers, 12 torpedo boats – no submarines
ARTICLE 198: Germany can’t have any military or naval air forces
QUESTION:
Who will enforce this?
OTHER CLAUSES OF THE VERSAILLES TREATY
Demilitarization and a fifteen-year occupation of the Rhineland
BY 1936, THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES HAD NO RELEVANCE
MEANWHILE
MUSSOLINI MAKES A “BOLD”
MOVE AND INVADES
ETHIOPIA IN 1935
THE SPANISH
CIVIL WAR
1936-1939
NATIONALISTS LED BY FRANCO
VS.
THE REPUBLICANS
FASCISTS AND CONSERVATIVES
VS.
COMMUNISTS AND LEFTISTS
FOREIGN INVOLVEMENT
1. GERMANY AND ITALY
SUPPORTED FRANCO WITH
TROOPS AND WEAPONS
2. SOVIET UNION SUPPORTED
THE REPUBLICANS WITH ARMS
AND ADVISORS
“TESTING GROUND FOR
GERMANY AND THE SOVIET UNION”
APPEASEMENT
REACHES
ITS GREATEST
HEIGHT
BRITISH PRIME MINISTER NEVILLE CHAMBERALIN
APPEASES ADOLF HITLER
MUNICH AGREEMENT
OF 1938
HITLER REQUESTS THAT HIS TROOPS OCCUPY THE SUDETENLAND
LOCATED IN CZECHOSLOVOKIA – WHY?
MANY ETHNIC GERMANS LIVED THERE AND
HITLER
IT POSSESSED COPIOUS RESOURCES
PROMISES
THIS WILL
BE THE
LAST OF
HIS
DEMANDS
MOLOTOV,
VON RIBBENTROP
AND STALIN
SIGNING THE
SOVIET-NAZI
NON-AGRESSION PACT
AUGUST 1939
FASCIST – COMMUNIST
AGREEMENT?
SHOCKING!!!
TERMS
1. SOVIET SPHERE – THE
BALTICS AND EASTERN POLAND
2. GERMANY – FREE REIGN
IN WESTERN POLAND
3. WON’T ATTACK EACH OTHER
WHY?
Europe
1939
Katyn
Polish POWs captured by
Soviets
The Forest of the Dead at Katyn,
a Nazi propaganda poster from
World War II
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Hitler’s Empire, 1939-1942
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Blitzkrieg:
Battle for France:
Petain’s Vichy Government:
Charles de Gaulle:
Evacuation at Dunkirk:
WWII Political Leaders
Winston Churchill:
Battle of Britain:
Operation Barbarossa:
Battle of Stalingrad:
Pearl Harbor:
New Order:
Final Solution:
Holocaust:
Ghetto:
Swing Kids - 1939
Death Camps:
Crimes against humanity:
Nuremberg Trials:
Petain meeting Hitler October 1940
Evacuation of Dunkirk
Evacuation of Dunkirk
Battle for Britain
Operation Barbarossa
• Axis conquers vast
areas of the Soviet
Union and inflicts
heavy losses on the
Red Army, but fails in
its overall strategic
goal of defeating the
USSR in a Blitzkrieg
campaign
Stalingrad
Stalingrad
Pearl Harbor
Final Solution
"Selection" on the
Judenrampe, Auschwitz,
May/June 1944. To be
sent to the right meant
slave labor; to the left, the
gas chambers. This
image shows the arrival
of Hungarian Jews from
Carpatho-Ruthenia, many
of them from the Berehov
ghetto. It was taken by
Ernst Hofmann or
Bernhard Walter of the
SS. Courtesy of Yad
Vashem.
Nuremburg Trials
– The Grand Alliance
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Europe First:
Atlantic Charter (1941):
 FDR and Churchill- suggestive of WW’s 14 pts,
provided reasons for why war was fought
 Opposed imperialistic acquisitions, encouraged national
self-determination, disarmament, and system of general
security
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Casablanca Conference (1943):
 Meeting of Big 2 (FDR and Churchill)
 Agreed to unconditional surrender of Axis powers, aid to
Soviet Union, and invasion through Sicily (Italy)
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Unconditional Surrender:
Atlantic Charter
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The Tide of Battle
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Stalingrad:
Battle of Midway and Coral Sea:
Island Hopping:-- The Pacific
Total War:
African Campaign:
Teheran Conference (1944):
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Meeting of Big 3 (FDR, Churchill, and Stalin)
Planned cross channel invasion
Big 3:
D-Day: Omaha Beach (June 6, 1944) Battle of the Bulge (Jan 1945)
Berlin:
Yalta Conference: (Big 3 Feb 1945)—final plans for the defeat of
Germany, postwar Europe plans, UN Conference date set
Potsdam Conference (July-Aug 1945): Churchill, Stalin, Truman, Attlee;
unconditional surrender of Japan
Manhattan Project:
Hiroshima and Nagasaki:
D-Day Battle Plan
Yalta
Potsdam
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Chapter Review Questions
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What are the characteristics of totalitarian states, and to
what degree were the characteristics present in fascist
Italy, Nazi Germany, and Stalinist Russia?
What were the underlying causes of WWII, and what
specific steps taken by Nazi Germany and Japan led to
war?
What were the turning points in WWII?
What were conditions like on the home front for the major
belligerents in WWII?
What impact did WWI have upon totalitarian governments
in Italy, Germany and the Soviet Union at the conclusion
of WWII?