Transcript WWIIx

Bell Ringer
• What were the conditions of the Treaty of
Versailles that ended WWI?
– Germany had to accept blame for the war
– Germany lost their colonies (remember Imperialism
was a cause)
– Germany’s military was limited (de-militarism)
– Germany had to pay $33 billion in reparations
– Austria-Hungary was broken up
– Poland and Czechoslovakia were created
– League of Nations established
World War II
CAUSES OF WAR- RISE OF
DICTATORS
Treaty and Depression
• Remember:
– Destruction and Bitterness from WWI
+
– Poor economies, unstable governments and
countries in Europe
=
– A bad combination…
Rise of Totalitarian Governments
• Totalitarian - Strict government control over
every aspect of public and private life.
– Coercive – uses force, censorship and terrorism
to maintain control.
Soviet Union- Josef Stalin
How leadership was obtained:
- member of Lenin gov’t
- used power to build support
- assumed leadership when Lenin
died
Why population followed:
- economic depression
- “rule by terror” (secret police)
Actions:
- Signed non-aggression pact with
Hitler in 1939
- Invaded Finland in 1939
Italy- Benito Mussolini
How leadership was obtained
- led a rebellion
- overthrew the King
- used private army of “Black Shirts”
Why population followed
- resentment over Treaty of Versailles
- economic depression
- fear
Actions
- Invaded Ethiopia in 1935
Germany- Adolf Hitler
How leadership was obtained:
- leader of Nazi party
- elected to minor office
- seized power in faked “emergency”
Why population followed:
- resentment over Treaty of Versailles
- economic depression
- fear
Actions:
- Invaded Rhineland in 1936, Austria in
1938, Czechoslovakia in 1938, Poland in
1939, Denmark, Norway, Netherlands,
Belgium and France in 1940
Japan- Senior Generals of the Army
How leadership was obtained
- overthrew the civilian government
and demanded total obedience to the
state
Why population followed
- resentment over Treaty of Versailles
- economic depression
- the need for space and food
- fear
Actions
- Censored the media
- Invaded Chinese Manchuria in 1931
Spain- Francisco Franco
How leadership was obtained:
- led a rebellion supported by
Hitler and Mussolini
Why population followed:
- resentment over Treaty of
Versailles
- economic depression
- fear
Dictators- Review
• Growth of Totalitarianism and Dictatorships
– Stalin (man of Steel)- Russia
• Fear and Propaganda, no freedoms
– Mussolini (il duce)- Italy
• Fascist, promised to make Italy great again
– Hitler- Germany
• Fascist, totalitarian, dictator
• Anti-semetic, blamed communists and jews
• Desired world domination
– General Tojo, Emperor Hirohito- Japan
• Military leadership after the depression hit
REACTION TO DICTATORS
Europe’s Response
• Appeasement (“giving in”)
– Europe was exhausted from WWI
– economic depression
– widespread belief that the Treaty of Versailles was unfair
– belief that Germany served as a “buffer zone” protecting
Europe from Soviet communism
• Armed Resistance - “too little, too late”
How did the United States respond to these dictators?
1936 U.S. refusal to help Spain led to Franco’s control of Spain
1937 economic embargoes of Italy and Japan
1938 sent telegrams urging Hitler and Mussolini to “stop”
1938 Congress approved funds for air fleets and a two-ocean navy
1939 grants of money were sent to Finland for nonmilitary supplies
1940 Congress passed the Selective Service and Training Act of 1940
after the fall of France (America’s first peacetime draft)
1940 the U.S. sent old destroyers to Britain (NOT a neutral act)
1941 Congress passed the Lend-Lease Act of 1941 and lent
other things to England
Reasons for the U. S. Response
• Economic depression
• Lack of military preparedness
• Resentment towards Europe for their “lack of
appreciation” for U.S. assistance in WWI.
• Prejudice – Societal acceptance of segregation and
anti-Semitism
START OF THE WAR
American Isolationists
• Hurt and anguished
by WWI, many
Americans wanted to
make sure that the US
would never again be
drawn into a foreign
war.
• They thought entering
WWI was a mistake.
American Isolation
• Isolationist
congressmen held the
majority in Congress
through 1938. To
ensure the US would
stay neutral should
war break out, they
passed a series of
neutrality acts
• The acts included:
– Preventing citizens
from traveling on
“belligerent” ships
– Forbade loaning $ to
“belligerents”
– Forbade all arms
shipments
Stay isolated?
• As aggression by
dictators increased in
Europe, FDR argued
for neutrality and US
security at the same
time.
• It increased the
military and naval
budgets significantly.
Start of the War
• On September 1, 1939, Germany invaded
Poland in a blitzkrieg attack.
• Blitzkrieg means “lightning war” where
the military attacks via land and air with
speed to get further into a country.
Allies vs. Axis Powers
• Allies
– Britain
– Russia
– US (1941)
– France & Poland*
• Axis
– Germany
– Italy
– Japan
Isolation to Intervention
• Once war broke out,
Americans were
opposed to Hitler but
still hoped to keep the
US out of war.
• FDR believed that
British survival was
crucial to US security.
Isolation to Intervention
• Cash and Carry Act (1939)
– Congress said that if nations in Europe bought
goods from the US in cash and carried them
on their own ships, we would provide that
country aid
– Although technically neutral, in reality, it
strongly favored Britain (they controlled the
ocean)
Changing U.S. Policy
• In addition to the Cash and Carry Act,
Congress passed the Selective Service
Act (1940) which registered all American
men between 21 and 35 for training.
• Also, In September of 1940, FDR worked
out a deal with Britain to trade 50 older
US destroyers for a military base on
British islands in the Caribbean.
Four Freedoms
• As the war in Europe
continued, FDR saw it
as a direct threat to
US security and to
future democratic
governments.
• In January 1941, he
delivered his famous
“Four Freedoms”
speech.
Four Freedoms
• In his speech, FDR
said the US must
stand behind those
nations that were
committed to
•
•
•
•
freedom of speech
freedom of religion
freedom from want
freedom from fear
Lend-Lease Act
• Lend-Lease Act
– FDR proposed ending
the Cash and Carry Act
and allow Britain to get
arms by credit
– The US agreed to lend
or lease supplies to the
Allies (but not to the
Axis).
• Like lending your
neighbor a garden hose
to put out a fire.
A little meeting…
• FDR and Churchill (GB)
had a secret meeting.
• They drew up the “Atlantic
Charter” that said what
the peace objectives would
be following the war
– Sound peace included selfdetermination for all
people, no territorial
expansion, and free trade.
America Enters the War
• Pearl Harbor
– December 7, 1941, attack by Japan
– As a result of this surprise attack, 2500 people
were killed (civilians and military), 8
battleships were damaged, 3 destroyed
(including the USS Arizona), 160 aircraft
destroyed knocking out our fleet for 6
months.
– “A day which will live in infamy”- FDR
declares war on Japan
FDR’s Speech
• Speech Video
• Pearl Harbor Clip
At home and Abroad
FIGHTING THE WAR
Home front
• Similar to WWI, there were many efforts
made at home to aid in military success.
• For instance…
Industry
• Industry again, needed to
switch over from peace-time
production to war-time
production.
• The War Productions
Board (WPB) was
established to manage war
industries.
• By 1944, unemployment
had practically
disappeared and the US was
producing 2x the industrial
output as the Axis powers.
Financing the War
• War bonds were again,
a major source of
financing for the war.
• Over $135 billion was
raised.
• In addition, Americans
were required to pay an
income tax for the first
time.
Women and Industry
• Just as in WWI,
vacant jobs needed to
be filled.
• Almost 5 million
women entered the
workforce, mostly in
shipyards and defense
plants.
• Clip from “Story”
Rosie the Riveter
The War’s Impact on Society
• African Americans,
Mexican Americans,
and Native Americans
all contributed to the
war effort, mostly by
serving in the military
and filling industrial
jobs.
• “Navajo Code Talkers”
Internment
• Japanese Americans suffered significant
discrimination during WWII, particularly
due to resentment of the Japanese for PH.
– Thoughts of them being spies, saboteurs, etc
• Executive Order 9066
– In 1942, the government ordered over
100,000 Japanese Americans on the west
coast to leave their homes and reside in
internment camps
Fronts
• WWII was fought on two fronts (aka
“theaters of operation”)
– European Theater and Pacific Theater
• The Allies adopted a “Europe First”
strategy, as Germany seemed like the more
menacing enemy.
Operation Overlord (June 6, 1944)
• One of the most significant battles on the
European front was D-Day/ Invasion of
Normandy, France
• The goal was to liberate France from
Germany.
• This was and still is the largest land, air,
and sea battle
D-Day
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150,000 Allied soldiers invaded Normandy by sending
in paratroopers, tanks, infantry, and battleships.
Paratroopers landed first and cut off means of
transportation and communication.
It was a surprise attack and it came in multiple waves.
It was a long, painful battle, but by the end Allied
troops gained a foothold in Europe and forced the
Germans back.
At dawn on 6 June 1944 Operation Overlord began.
The invasion forces landed on 5 beaches along the
Normandy coast: Utah, Omaha, Gold, Juno and Sword.
On the first day, 2,700 vessels and 1,897 landing craft
sailed. The cargo was 130,000 soldiers, 12,000
vehicles, 2,000 tanks and 10,000 tons of stores
Important Info- Europe
• By August 1944, Allied troops freed Paris. As
Allied forces pushed the Germans west through
Europe, Russians were pushing them east, closing
in on Hitler.
• Hitler’s “last stand” in December 1944, was at the
border of Belgium and Germany at the Battle of
the Bulge. In this single battle alone, 200,000
soldiers died but it led to an Allied victory and the
downfall of Hitler.
• **Allied troops surrounded Germany’s capital city
of Berlin, Germany surrenders May 7, 1945.
The war in Europe is OVER!! The nickname VE
Day was given to May 7th meaning Victory in
Europe
Pacific Front
• Main enemy: Japan
• Strategy: Island
Hopping; get closer to
the mainland
• Thorn in side:
Kamikaze pilots
• Turning Point: Battle
of Midway
The A-Bomb
• Code Name: Manhattan
Project
• Reasons for use
(Truman’s Options)
– Save soldiers lives, end
war quickly
– Land invasion, blockade,
drop bombs, wait for
Russia, compromise,
demonstration of bombs
The A-Bomb
• Bombs were dropped on the Japanese
cities of Hiroshima (August 6, 1945) and
Nagasaki (August 9, 1945)
• About 250,000 Japanese died
immediately or after a prolonged period
• The Japanese finally surrender on August
15, 1945
– V-J Day
Conferences
• Near the end of the war and after the “Big
Three” (US, USSR, GB) met to coordinate
militarily and establish peace Terms.
Conferences
• Casablanca (January ‘43)
• Teheran (November ‘43)
• Yalta (February ‘45)
– Decide what to do when war was over
• Divide Germany into 4 zones
• Free elections in E. European countries
• UN would be formed
• *Death of FDR*
• Potsdam (July ‘45)
– Demand Japan surrender unconditionally
– Hold war-crime trials of Nazi leaders
Impact of the War
• Most destructive war in history
• 300,000 Americans died; 800,000
wounded
• $320 Billion
• UN is established
A-Bomb Discussion
• Support or refute the following statement:
– The US was justified in using the atomic
bombs against Japan in 1945.