Transcript File - Hutton`s Honors World History

Unit 12
• *Three factors brought about the Great Depression
• Financial crisis that stemmed directly from the war and the peace
settlement such as inflated currencies.
• A crisis arose in the production and __Distribution___ of goods in the
world market.
• 1. these two above mentioned problems intertwined in 1929
and in Europe reached the breaking point in 1931
• The third factor was lack of strong economic leadership and
responsible action.
• The Financial Tailspin
• Reparation payments and international war-debt settlement further
complicated the picture.
• The U.S. was determined to be repaid the money it had loaned its
allies.
• *most of the money the allies collected from each other eventually went to
the U.S.
• Countries imposed high protective tariffs
• this discouraged __trade___ and ___production____
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in consequence this hurt unemployment
• Problems In the American Economy
• October 1929: the N.Y. stock market crash was the spark that lit the
worldwide Great Depression. *What was the cause of the crash?
• Companies lied about the value of their stocks
• U.S. banks loaned money to people who in turn invested in the stock market—
buying on loans
• when the market collapsed, banks failed and credit shrank.
• *no American money or credit to invest in Europe
• End of reparations
• May 1931: *Kreditanstalt a large _bank_ in Vienna collapsed.
• Kreditanstalt was a primary lending institution for central and eastern Europe.
• its collapse put severe strains on the German bank system
• June 1931: Herbert Hoover announced a one year moratorium on all payments
of international debts.
• sharp blow to French economy
• France agreed because the German economy had virtually collapsed.
• Problems in Agriculture: Dust Bowl
• Depression and Government Policy
• A. The Great Depression did not mean everyone was out of a job.
• people with a job improved their standard of living, but were promoted more
slowly
• *John Maynard Keynes
• *wrote General Theory of __Employment___, Interest, and Money
• Keynes advocated active government intervention in the economy
• the severity of the depression led governments across Europe to interfere with
the economy as never before
• private economic enterprise became a subject to new trade, labor, and currency
regulations
• state intervention in the economy generally increased as one moved from west to east
across Europe
• Part 2 Confronting the Great Depression in the Democracies
Reading Assignment pg. 911-915.
[See student question and answer sheet part 1 for information]
• *The most important event in Europe that the Great Depression
brought about was the National Socialists (Nazi) seizure of power.
• Depression and Political Deadlock
• A. In 1928, a coalition of center parties and Social Democrats
governed Germany. this coalition dissolved in March 1930 over
economic issues
• B. To resolve Parliamentary deadlock President Hindenburg
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appointed Heinrich Bruning as Chancellor. 2 exec: pres/chancellor
• lacking a majority in the Reichstag, Bruning governed through
emergency decree as Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution allowed
him to do.
• Weimar Republic became an authoritarian regime
• March 1932: six million people unemployed; two years earlier
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2,258,000 unemployed.
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1. severe unemployment benefited the more extreme
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political parties
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2. election of 1930: Nazis held 107 seats and the Communist
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77.
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D. For the Nazis decency and civility in public life _vanished___
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1. Thousands of __unemployed____ joined the storm
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troopers (SA) which had 100,000 members in *1930 and
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1 million in 1933.
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a. SA freely and viciously attacked Communists
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and Social Democrats, who also fought each
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other
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b. Nazis held mass rallies which resembled
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religious revivals.
• Hitler Comes to Power
• A. 1932 Presidential Election
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1. Hitler vs. Hindenburg
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a. Hitler forced a runoff and got 36.8% of the vote
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b. Hindenburg remained in office but was convinced
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Bruning no longer commanded sufficient
confidence of the German voters
• B. *May 30, 1932, Hindenburg dismisses Bruning
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1. new chancellor, appointed by Hindenburg is Franz von
Papen
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2. Hitler wanted no part of this government; he wanted
to be chancellor
• *Papen and those around Hindenburg wanted to find some way
to use the Nazis without giving __Hitler__ effective power.
• Papen removed ban on Nazi meetings
• Papen called for a Reichstag election in July 1932 and he
polled 37.2 % of the vote
• November 1932: another Reichstag election showed that Hitler’s
support was declining as the Nazis only won 33.1% of the vote
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November 1932: Papen resigns
1. General Kurt von Schleicher becomes chancellor
a. civil war between left and right looks inevitable
b. Schleicher tries to bypass Hitler and draw the Nazi Party
into a coalition by trying to negotiate with another Nazi
leader, but Hitler used the incident to make his own
position in the party even __stronger____.
c. Schleicher asks President Hindenburg to permit him
to rule by emergency to decree to buy time for political
stability
i. Hindenburg refused the request
ii. Schleicher resigns in January 1933.
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Hitler Becomes Chancellor
1. Hindenburg’s advisors persuaded him to name Hitler to
chancellor under the illusion that he would be working for them
January 30, 1933: Adolf Hitler becomes chancellor
i. *became chancellor by legal means
2. *Hitler’s strongest support came from:
a. farmers
b. war veterans
c. the young
3. resistance to Hitler came from Roman Catholics in the country
and small towns
• The Nazi’s won out because addressed social insecurities
• Hitler’s Consolidation of Power
• A. *Three Basic Steps to the Hitler Take Over
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1. capture of full legal authority
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2. the crushing of other political parties
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3. purging of the Nazi party itself
• B. February 27, 1933, a mentally ill communist set fire to the Reichstag
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1. Nazi claimed the fire was communist threat to the
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government
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2. under Article 48, Hitler issued an emergency decree
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suspending civil liberties and arresting communists or
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alleged communists
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a. this decree remained in force as long as Hitler
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ruled Germany.
• . The Coming of The Enabling Act
• in early March another Reichstag election took place
• a. Nazis only received 43.9% of the vote
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2. the arrest and removal of all communist deputies
and the political fear caused by the fire enabled Hitler to
control the Reichstag
• 3. *Enabling Act, passed by the Reichstag, permitted Hitler to
rule by decree
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a. allowed him to be the dictator of Germany
• Destroying Potential Nazi Opposition
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1. May 1933: the Nazi Party seized the offices, banks,
and newspapers of the free trade unions and arrested their
leaders.
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2. late June 1933: all German political parties are
outlawed except for the Nazi party
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3. Nazi also took over the governments of the individual
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states in Germany.
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Internal Nazi Party Purges
1. 1933 the SA or storm troopers had a million active
members.
a. leader was Ernst Roehm (a possible rival to Hitler)
b. Germany army officer corps was jealous of SA leadership.
Hitler had key SA officers and Roehm murdered formal chancellor
Schleicher was murdered
• June 30-July 2, 1934, over hundred Germans were murdered—
nights of long knives
• murders were carried out by the SS-Nazi elite groups
• August 2, 1934: President Hindenburg died
• Hitler combined the office of chancellor and president
At left Italy’s Mussolini and to the right
Symbol of hate, oppression, and racism—The Nazi swastika.
Germany’s Hitler.
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The German Police State and Anti-Semitism
A. SS Organization (schutzstaffel) or “protective force”
1. leader was Heinrich Himmler- #1 mass murderer in world history
2. originated as Hitler’s body guard
a. became an elite paramilitary organization
i. smaller than the SA
b. carried out party purge murders in 1934
B. German Anti-Semitism
1. was based on biological theories stemming from the latenineteenth-century rather than from religious discrimination
2. 1933 Nazis excluded Jews from civil service
3. *Nuremberg Laws
a. robbed German Jews of their citizenship
b. professions and major occupations were closed
to those defined as Jews.
how did the Nazis determine who were
Jews?? Read pg. 920
If you were at least 25% genetically Jewish, you were considered a Jew
• *Kristallnacht (November 9 & 10, 1938)
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a. under Nazi Party orders, thousands of Jewish
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stores and synagogues were destroyed
b. What does Kristallnacht mean?
• ”the night of the broken glass”
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5. *Final Solution
• a. after World War II broke out Hitler decided to
• destroy the Jews of Europe
• more than 6 million died.
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Racial Ideology and the Lives of Women
A. Describe Nazi Racial Ideology: Rd. pg. 921-22
Pure Arian race is blonde hair blue eyed, & genetically pure
B. Describe the Role of Women in Nazi Germany: Rd. pg. 92122
• child bearers (produce genetically pure children)
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• Nazi Economic Policy
• A. While the rest of the European economy remained weak the Great
• Depression seemed no longer to have much effect on Germany in 1938.
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1. as far as the economy was concerned Hitler was the most
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effective political leader in Europe
• help increase the Nazi’s credibility
• B. Economic policies generally supported private property and capitalism
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1. however, all significant economic enterprises and decisions
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about prices were state controlled
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2. Hitler and Nazis started a massive public works project
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a. built roads
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b. built canals
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c. much work was accomplished
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3. rebuilding of military equipment led to full employment
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4. with the crushing of trade unions in 1933 strikes became illegal.
• Part 4 Italy: Fascists Economics NO Reading Assignment. Pg.
925-26 [See student question and answer sheet part 2 for
information]
• Rapid Industrialization (Five-Year Plans)
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A. Rapid industrialization meant a rapid departure from
Lenin’s
NEP
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B. The Five-Year Plans created the first genuinely large
_factory_ labor force in Russia.
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1. required the rapid construction of heavy
industries, such as iron, steel, and machine tool
making, building electricity generating stations and
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manufacturing __tractors____.
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2. Soviet industrial production rose approximately
_400__ percent between 1928 and 1940.
• . Collectivization= peasants have to give up individual farms & work
collectively (or large gov’t owned farms)
• A. Put the Communist Party firmly in control of the farm sector of the
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economy and free up peasant labor to work in the factories
• Stalin wanted to end Kulaks as a class. What is a Kulak? What had a Kulak
become? Kulak= wealthy peasant, a resistor
• How did some peasants resist? What happened to the resisters?
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destroyed machinery, killed livestock, burned fields
• Stalin had resisters killed, 2 million, or put in gulags (work camps)
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• III. The Great Purges
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A. The imprisonment and execution of millions of Soviet
citizens by Stalin between 1934 and 1939.
• Early Challenges to World Peace.
• Japan on the Move. Japanese military leaders and ultra
nationalists felt that Japan should have an empire equal to those
of the western powers.
• *In 1931 Japan . . . Invaded Manchuria
• *The League of Nations condemned the aggression and Japan
withdrew from the organizations. (“Japan walked all over the
League”)
• Italy invades Ethiopia
• Italy went after Ethiopia for some practice since they had
outdated weapons
• Ethiopia’s leader, Haile Selassie, pleaded to the League of
Nations for help.
• The League voted sanctions or . . .
• penaltiescan’t import weapons of war
• The sanctions were not enforced.
• Hitler’s challenge
• In 1936 Hitler sent troops into the Rhineland.
• What is the Rhineland?
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area between French border & Rhine River
• European countries began to adopt a policy of appeasement, which means giving into the
demands of an aggressor.
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IV. Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis
A. Italy, Germany, and Japan became allies. & later Austria
V. Spanish Civil War
A. Spain’s king had abdicated and a republic was set up with a liberal
constitution.
• B. Communists wanted more radical reforms and conservatives thought they
had gone far enough.
• C. Franco’s Fascists faced off against communists, socialists, supporters of
democracy and others.
Emperor Hirohito of Japan
Franco: dictator of Spain
was a godlike figure to his
from 1939-1975!!
people. His P.M. was Tojo.
Tojo: military dict. of Japan
responsible for many war
Crimes and was tried by
IMTFE and hung after the war.
P.M. of the UK: Chamberlin
signed the Munich agreement
with Hitler.
Corrie ten Boom of the Neth. hid
Jews. For Corrie’s “crime” her
entire family was killed in death
camps. Corrie managed to survive.
• Germans and Italians help Franco win the war. *This was a practice for
Germany and Italy and is often called a dress rehearsal for World War II
• German Invasions and Annexations.
• Germany was the superior Aryan race. Made-up race
• Hitler invaded Austria and established an *Anschluss, or union, with
Germany.
• Hitler next wanted to go after the Sudetenland, an area with a large
German population, in Czechoslovakia.
• At the Munich Conference in 1938, European leaders showed
up at Munich to discuss Hitler’s demands. *The leaders (G.B., Fr.,
Ger., Italy) gave the Germans the Sudetenland, for a promise
from Hitler that he would not invade any more nations.
Chamberlain PM of G.B. was present and said, “We have
peace in our time.” *Appeasement= giving into demands of
aggressors
• Toward War
• Hitler invaded the rest of Czechoslovakia.
• 1. Hitler took the entire nation of Czech.
• 2. Czech. was the first country to fight back.
• *Nazi-Soviet Pact
• Germany and Russian sign a non-aggression pact. What did this entail?
• 1. They agree not to fight each other.
• 2. *To invade Poland and divide it up.
• Invasion of Poland
• 1. *On Sept. 1, 1939, Germany invades Poland.
• 2. *Two days later G.B. and France declare war on Germany
• The War Continues
• *Blitzkrieg-lighting war—fast war. Move as fast as you can.
• An example is the taking over of Poland in about one month.
• The S.U. also took Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and kept control of them
until the early 1990’s.
• Germany then took Norway, Denmark, Luxembourg, Netherlands and
Belgium.
• The Maginot Line
• This was a huge fortification along the French-German border. A lot
of it was underground. A lot of money was spent on it; as you will see
that money and effort was a huge waste!!
• Germany invades France through Belgium, Netherlands, and
Luxembourg. Why did they do this? Why go through these
countries to get to France? To go around the wall
• *Germany invaded France so fast that U.K. and French were trapped
along the English Channel at a town called Dunkirk.
• The British government called on every available ship to rescue the
soldiers—yes it worked. 300,000 soldiers were rescued.
• France falls to Germany and Italy.
• *The Battle of Britain
• The Nazi plan was to weaken G.B. by bombing it before they
invaded.
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1. The new leader of Great Britain was Prime Minister
Winston Churchill.
• 2. The British fought back with the air force called the . . .RAF
• 3. For 57 nights Germany bombed London. 15,000 died. = the Blitz
• 4. This bombing of London, gave the RAF time to rebuild and they
eventually destroyed the German Air Force (the Luftwaffe). Britain
won!
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a. *Hitler has to __cancel__ his plan (Operation Sea Lion) to
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invade England
P.M. Winston Churchill: courage in the face of over whelming danger.
*Churchill would never surrender on terms set by the Germans.
British pilots race to their planes during the Battle of Britain
A dogfight near the English Channel during the Battle of Britain
• Invasion of N. Africa
• Italy and Germany invade N. Africa under the Command of
*General Rommel (Desert Fox)
• Oil/ Suez Canal want control of these
• IV. Greece and Yugoslavia were taken by Germany.
• V. Invasion of Russia (Soviet Union) by Germany (*Operation
Barbarossa)
• As the Russians retreated they . . .vurned their land/rescources
• This is known as. . .scorched Earth policy
• U.S. Involvement
• A. At first the U.S. was . . .neutral
• The Lend Lease Act gave the U.K. military supplies while the
U.S. got bases in return.
• Atlantic Charter-Churchill and Roosevelt agree to defeat the
Nazis.
• Japan Attacks Pearl Harbor
• Mistakes made by the U.S.A.
• 1. Not listening to intelligence reports that the . . .attack was coming
• Thinking the planes on radar were our . . .own planes
• Destroying a Japanese miniature submarine in P.H. and its report not
properly passing up the chain of command.
• *December 7, 1941
• Yamamoto was the Japanese Admiral that planned the attack.
• 2,400 people died.
• Yamamoto educated @ Harvard
• VIII. Greater East Asia co-prosperity sphere
• A. Name the Japanese gave their huge empire in East Asia and the
Pacific Islands.
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Big Three
• Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin
• X. French Resistance- People inside occupied France who were using guerilla
tactics to harass and disrupt the Germans. Their role included:
• A. Blowing up trains carrying troops to the front
• Hiding downed Allied air pilots
• Causing the Germans as much trouble as they could.
• XI. Turning points in WW II for the Allies.
• A. El Alamein, Egypt
• 1. British General Montgomery stopped the German advance in Northern
Africa at the battle of . . . El Alamein
• B. U.S./U.K. troops advance through Morocco, Algeria, and trap the Germans
(Rommel) in Tunisia.
• C. Invasion of Italy
• The U.S. invaded Sicily and pushed Northward through the Italian Peninsula.
• Mussolini was killed by his own people.
• Stalingrad Biggest Battle of WWII
• The Germans actually controlled 90% of the city.
• The Russians completely surrounded Stalingrad and, along
with the harsh winter, the Germans surrendered.
• *Russians lost more men in the battle of Stalingrad than Americans
in the whole war
• Invasion of France (D-day)
• A. Dwight Eisenhower was the commander of all allied forces in
Europe.
• B. Diversions used at D-day.
• 1. Tanks placed in G.B. that were made out of rubber making it
look like the invasion was going further east.
• Double agents telling the Germans the attack was coming at the Par de
Calais.
• Fake Paratroopers that exploded when they hit the ground.
• D-Day was on June 6, 1944. 5 beaches: Omaha (bloodiest beach), Juno,
Utah, Gold, Sword, Cherbourg
• Paris was free in August 1944.
D-day: Allied troops landing on Normandy Beach. * Most deaths were on __Omaha___ beach
*A Mulberry: an artificial harbor on Normandy Beach
• XIII. July 20, 1944:Operation Valkyrie (Walküre): assassination
attempt on Hitler, one of 14, all unsuccessful
• XIV. The Nazi’s Defeated
• *The Battle of the Bulge
• battle occurred in Belgium.
• *This was Germany’s last offensive move. They threw everything they had
at the Allies.
• The Battle of Berlin
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Was fought primarily by the Russians.
Hitler committed suicide.
On May 7, 1945, Germany surrendered. This was known as V-E day=
V-E day was on May 8, 1945 in the USA.
The soviets (Russians) hoist their victorious flag over Berlin.
• Defeat of Japan
• Atom bomb
• First nuclear bomb to explode in the world was in the U.S.A. (Desert in NM)
• Manhattan project was . . .plan to build an atomic bomb
• Aug. _ 19 __. The first city to be bombed with an atomic bomb was . . .
Hiroshima
• *Next city to be bombed with an atomic bomb was __Nagosaki____
• September 2, 1945, WWII was finally over.
• Aftermath of War
• 75 million people died world wide as a result of WW II.
• *Holocaust … mass murdering of Jews, homosexuals, mentally
handicapped, Catholics, and more
• Nuremberg War Crimes Trials
• those Germans responsible for the Holocaust and other war crimes were
put on trial in Nuremberg Germany.
• Allied occupation of Germany
• Germany and the city of Berlin were split into four zones of occupation.
• France, U.S., U.K., and the Soviet Union each occupied one of the four zones.
• later, France, U.S., and the U.K. combined their zones of occupation.
Checkpoint Charlie: Gateway between W. And E. Berlin
• *United Nations (U.N.)
Checkpoint Charlie: Gateway
between W. And E. Berlin
• Created in April, 1945
• Main purpose of the U.N is to promote peace and avert war.
• The U.N. also has a food, education, and children’s programs.
• Most decisions come from a 15 member Security Council, not all member
nations.
• *there are five permanent members on the U.N. Security Council: France,
Britain, Soviet Union, (Russia today), U.S. and __China___.
• each permanent member has veto power.
• Crumbling Alliance
• Growing differences between USSR & USA
• March 1946, Iron Curtain Speech in Fulton, MO.
• Winston Churchill said, “An Iron Curtain has descended on Europe dividing
a free and democratic west from an east under totalitarian rule.”
• Containing Communism
• *Containment
• policy that began with Harry Truman that stated the U.S. was to resist
Soviet expansion and influence into non-communists nations in the
expectation that the USSR would eventually collapse.
• *Truman Doctrine issued in March 1947
• The policy of the United States would be to support free peoples who are
resisting attempted subjugations by armed minorities or by outside pressures.
The Truman Doctrine’s primary purpose was to combat communism.
• help save Greece and Turkey from communist’s rule.
• Marshall Plan
• provided aid to war torn nations of Western Europe shortly after World War II
• prevented Western Europe from becoming communist.
• Europe divided:
• all eastern European countries (except Yugoslavia, Greece, and Turkey)
were dominated by the Soviet Union.
• puppet regimes ruled these Eastern European countries. What is a puppet
regime?
• *remember Germany and the city of Berlin were divided between the
Soviet Union in East Germany and East Berlin, and the U.S, U.K. and France
in West Germany and West Berlin.
• a. differences between the Soviet Union and U.S. prevented
Germany from reuniting.
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i. there were now two German nations: West
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Germany (which included West Berlin) and East
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Germany.
• 1948-49 *Berlin Airlift:
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1. The Soviet Union’s (U.S.S.R.) leader, Joseph Stalin,
closed down the supply road from West Germany to the
• city of West Berlin in an attempt to starve the city into
• surrender, and eventually occupy it.
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a. The United States responded with a massive airlift of
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supplies for approx. 11 months. These supplies
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included, but were not limited to, _coal__,
milk, __clothing, candy___ and all basic
necessities.
The Berlin Airlift delivered much needed supplies to W. Berlin
Truman from MO.
• Military Alliances
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1. March 1948, *NATO: ( North Atlantic Treaty Organization )
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a. Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, France,
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Britain, Italy, Denmark, Norway, Portugal, Iceland,
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Canada, and the U.S. Later West Germany, Greece,
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and Turkey joined. Today many more European
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nations (not Russia) are members of NATO.
• i. attack on one is an attack on _all___.
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2. *Warsaw Pact: Soviet (USSR) response to _NATO____.
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b. Eastern European nations (except Greece,
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Turkey, and Yugoslavia).
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i. attack on one is an attack on _all___.
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ii. today the Warsaw Pact no longer exists bc communism collapsed.
• Creation of Israel: create a separate nation for Jews (homeland)
• Cold War turns hot: *The Korean War war technically never ended
• June 1950: Communist North Korea invades South Korea
• North Korea pushes South Korean and U.S. troops to the southeast corner
of South Korea (Pusan Perimeter).
• U.S. President Harry Truman responds with a massive troop deployment to the
Pusan Perimeter.
• U.N. war: wasn’t just USA—all UN countries declared war
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• September 1950: *Inchon invasion leads to U.N. troops pushing all the way to
the North Korean-Chinese border.
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China warns U.S./U.N. *General Douglas McArthur not to get close to their border;
warning was ignored.
• October 1950: China sends approx. 50,000 troops over N. Korean border (Yalu
River) and forces U.N. troops south of Seoul, South Korea.
• U.N. recaptures Seoul, South Korea.
• Korean War becomes a long stalemate
• War ends in an armistice (July 1953)
• President Eisenhower was in office now.
• result: 2 nations: North and South Korea
• Conflict in *Vietnam
• French involvement: asked USA to help, then withdrew from the war,
causing US to fight alone
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• August 1961: East Germany constructs *Berlin Wall. What is
the Berlin Wall? Wall that surrounds West Berlin
• Why was it constructed? To keep East Berliners from going into West
Berlin
• November 1989 fall of Berlin Wall
• Wall falling encouraged other Eastern European nations to turn away
from communism.
• December 1991: the Soviet Union (USSR) ceased to exists.