Transcript America Enters The War - The Independent School

Unit VII: World War II
and Its Aftermath
Chapter 25: The
United States in
World War II
Recruiting the GI
•
Draft Reestablished
• Basic Training: 8 weeks
• Elite cadres train specialist forces
•
The WAC
• Why is this necessary?
• Why can’t women serve in combat?
•
The Segregated Army
• What duties are usually reserved for minority units?
• What are considered “minorities?”
• Which minorities have culturally valuable skills?
Mobilizing the Economy
•
Managing the Economy
• What techniques make American
manufacturing so effective?
• What advantage does the U.S. have?
• War Production Board
• Decides who gets war contracts: Effects?
•
Racism and Employment
• Less than 1 million out of work by 1944
Women and Minorities
•
Rosie The Riveter
• Industry hires women for all jobs
• What problems do women face in these
“opportunities?”
• How does the Law of Rising Expectations function?
•
African Americans
• The “Double V” Victory
• A. Philip Randolph’s March
• Exception: The Tuskegee Airmen
• FDR’s Executive Order for Equality
Secret Projects
•
The OSRD
• Science Goes To War
• Biological “Weapons”
• DDT, Penicillin
• The Manhattan Project
•
Nuclear Fission Discovered (Austria, 1938)
• Einstein’s letter
• Heisenberg’s project
• Trinity: “Behold, I am become Death…”
Not-So-Secret Projects
•
The OPA
• Why can price freezes and rationing work
during a war?
•
Paying for the War
•
•
•
•
Income tax affects more people
The Return of War Bonds
Rationing
Victory Gardens
The New Alliance
•
Britain, the U.S.A. and the U.S.S.R.
• Overall Strategy: Germany First, Japan Second
• What causes the Allies to prioritize this way?
• The Eastern Front, 1942
• Moscow threatened
• Leningrad besieged
• Why can’t the Germans make the final push?
•
German Victories
• Germans seize Balkans, Africa, Southern
Russia
• Resistance movements rise
The Mediterranean and Africa
•
The Russian Winter
• Kursk and Stalingrad, 1943
• Stalingrad: Von Paulus surrounded and annihilated in the city.
German offensive halted.
• Stalin demands a second front
•
The Fox and the Rats: Rommel vs. Montgomery
• What is in Africa that is vital to each side?
• 1942: El Alamein
• 1943: Kasserine Pass: Rommel trapped
Toward Victory In Europe
•
Strategic Bombing
• What are the Allies bombing in Germany?
•
The “Soft Underbelly”
• Unconditional Surrender
• What is the effect of this demand on enemy nations?
• Italy surrenders; Mussolini arrested
• Germany occupies Italy and fights on
The Third Front
•
Fortress Europe Crumbles
• Churchill against Roosevelt and Stalin
• Why does Churchill want to engage the Balkans?
• What danger does he see?
• The Invasion of France
• Operation Overlord
• Why Normandy, and not Calais?
• France Liberated
• Why does France fall so quickly?
• Operation Market-Garden: A Bridge Too Far
The Last Defense of the Reich
•
The Battle of the Bulge
• Hitler’s Last Counteroffensive
• Why does Hitler insist on throwing his best units at the
Western Allies, when the Soviets are much stronger to the
East?
• How do Hitler’s beliefs come into play?
• How does it hasten the end of the war?
•
The Holocaust
• Concentration camps and Death camps liberated
• Why do people have trouble believing the Holocaust at first?
• One-third of the Jewish population destroyed
• What makes this easier for Hitler?
• Who works against him?
• Other groups targeted by the Nazis?
Victory In Europe
•
The Death of Roosevelt
• Truman Unprepared
• Why is Truman unready?
•
Hitler’s Final Days
• Insanity grows more noticeable
•
Soviets Capture Berlin
• Why doesn’t Eisenhower push farther West?
• Why do Allied leaders want to?
• May 8, 1945: V-E Day
The Rising Sun
•
Japan’s Pacific Offensive
• After Pearl Harbor
• The Philippines Fall
• The Bataan Death March
• Japanese attitude toward POWs?
• America Outgunned
• Japan’s numbers and technical advantages stun the Allies
• The Coral Sea: Tactical defeat, Strategic victory
• Turning Point: Midway
• Japanese carriers destroyed
• American Offensive
• Guadalcanal: Why there?
Advancing on Japan
•
Island-Hopping in the Pacific
• What is the significance of this strategy?
• Battle of Leyte Gulf
• Japanese surface fleet destroyed
• Kamikaze aircraft appear (divine wind)
•
The Land War in Asia
• The Raj Against Japan
• Reopening the Burma Road
• One China, Two Leaders
• Chiang Kai-Shek and Mao Zedong
Cutting Off Japan
•
Bombers and
Submarines
• Japan’s industry
and merchant
shipping targeted
• Why is the B-29
significant?
• Incendiary raids
begin
•Battles of Iwo Jima and Okinawa
•Invasion of Japanese home islands planned
The Manhattan Project
•
The End of the War
• Hiroshima and Nagasaki
• Why might Truman not want to demonstrate the
bomb first?
• August 6, 1945: Hiroshima destroyed by Enola Gay
and Little Boy
• Russia declares war on Japan
• August 9, 1945: Nagasaki destroyed by Bock’s Car
and Fat Man
• Nagoya saved by cloud cover
The Wreckage of War
•
The Costs of War
• Total War Dead: 40 to 60 million
• U.S. casualties just over 1 million
• Cultural costs also staggering
•
The Yalta Conference
• The United Nations conceived
• What does Roosevelt want from Stalin?
• How does he get it?
• What promises are made regarding post-war
governments?
Crimes Against Humanity
•
International Military Tribunals
• The Nuremberg Trials
• 500,000 Nazis convicted
• The Tokyo Trials
• Japanese Generals hanged
•
What difficulties exist in charging citizens and
soldiers with “war crimes?”
• Werner Von Braun
• What do the Russians and Americans see a chance to
gain through the people who are put on trial or spared?
Occupations
•
Germany
• What is the result of the division of Germany at
Yalta?
•
Japan and MacArthur
• The MacArthur Constitution
• What practices of MacArthur allow the Japanese to
alter their society into a peaceful and democratic
one?
• What did the war teach the Japanese people?
Movements on the Home Front
•
Prosperity in War
• What factors make it possible for the war to
improve the standard of living in the U.S.
• Why not in other warring nations?
•
Tensions
• Migration: why is the South the “Biggest
Loser?”
• CORE founded: Sit-ins adopted
• Why do the population shifts associated with
the industry boom fuel race riots?
War and the Home Front
•
The Internment of Japanese-Americans
• Manzanar
• Why are Japanese relocated from the West Coast?
• Why are they viewed with more hostility than
descendents of other belligerents?
• Victims lose all belongings
• Nisei serve in Europe with distinction
• Survivors compensated 40 years later
Returning from War
•
What problems do returning soldiers face?
• What problems do minorities face?
• How does the Law of Rising Expectations fit
in?
• The G.I. Bill of Rights
• What did this Bill mean for American society?