Transcript The Allies Liberate Rome

The Allies win WWII
Ch. 32.4
North Africa
• The Desert Fox, Erwin Rommel
secured the city, Tobruk, for
Germany.
• The Allies responded by sending
Bernard Montgomery, ‘Monty’ to
take control of British forces.
Battle of El Alamein
• On the night of October 23, more
than 1,700 British guns took Axis
soldiers by surprise.
• By November 3, Rommel’s army
had been beaten.
• Rommel retreated.
Operation Torch
• On November 8, more than
107,000 Allied troops landed in
Morocco and Algeria.
• Led by General Dwight D.
Eisenhower.
• Rommel’s army was caught
between the two armies.
• The Africa Korps was finally
destroyed in May 1943.
Battle of Stalingrad
• Began on August 23, 1942
• Luftwaffe went on nightly bombing
raids that set much of the city
ablaze and reduced the rest to
rubble.
• By early November 1942,
Germans controlled 90% of the
ruined city.
• Then the Russian winter came.
Battle of Stalingrad:
Winter of 1942-1943
German Army
Russian Army
1,011,500 men
1,000,500 men
10,290 artillery guns
13,541 artillery guns
675 tanks
894 tanks
1,216 planes
1,115 planes
No Retreat!
• On November 19, Soviet troops
launched a counterattack.
• They closed in around Stalingrad and
trapped the Germans inside.
• They cut off supply lines.
• Hitler refused the retreat, the city was
“to be held at all costs.”
German troops
surrendered to Soviets
• February 2, 1942, 90,000 frostbitten,
half-starved German troops
surrendered to the Soviets.
• 240,000 German soldiers died.
• 1 million Soviet soldiers died.
• While the city was defended, it was
totally destroyed.
Italy
• On July 10, 1943, Allied forces of
180,000 soldiers landed on Sicily and
captured it from Italian and German
troops in less than 1 month.
• Only July 25, King Victor Emmanuel III
fired Mussolini and had him arrested.
Allies seize Rome
• The Germans seized control of
northern Italy and put Mussolini back in
charge.
• The Allies took over Rome on June 4,
1944.
• On September 3, Italy surrendered.
• Fighting in Italy continued until after
Germany fell in May 1945.
The Allies Liberate Rome:
June 5, 1944
Mussolini killed
• On April 28, 1945, as the Germans
were retreating from northern Italy, the
Italian resistance ambushed some
trucks.
• The resistance fighters found Mussolini
disguised as a German soldier.
• The following day, he was shot, and his
body was hanged in the Milan town
square.
Total War
• In the U.S. factories converted their
peacetime operations to wartime
productions and made everything from
machine guns to boots.
• Automobile factories produced tanks.
• A U.S. typewriter company made armor
piercing shells.
• By 1944, almost 18 million U.S.
workers were working in war industries.
• Many of them were women.
Rations
•
•
•
•
•
•
Meat
Sugar
Tires
Gasoline
Nylon stockings
Laundry soap
• Speed limit was
35 miles per hour
helped save on
gasoline and
rubber.
Citizens help war effort
• Moscow youngster collected enough
scrap metal to produce 14,000 artillery
shells.
• Another Russian family used their life
savings to buy a tank for the Red Army.
• In the U.S. people bought government
war stamps and bonds to help finance
the war.
Pearl Harbor
• December 7, 1941
• A date which will live in infamy!
• 2400 soldiers died
• 1000 wounded
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sv1niw
xQgoY (movie scene)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vyoIpK
GEw8M&NR=1&feature=fvwp (2;00)
Civil Rights Violated
• Forced imprisonment of Japanese
Americans living on the U.S. Pacific
Coast.
• In 1941, 119,000 people of Japanese
ancestry lived in CA, OR, and WA.
• 1/3 had been born in Japan, but most
were American citizens.
• Anti-Japanese feelings among
politicians and residents was the
force behind the decision.
• As a result of this pressure, on
February 19, 1942, President
Roosevelt signed Executive Order
9066, which resulted in the forcible
internment of 120,000 people of
Japanese ancestry.
• More than two-thirds of those
interned under the Executive Order
were citizens of the United States,
and none had ever shown any
disloyalty.
• The War Relocation Authority was
created to administer the assembly
centers, relocation centers, and
internment camps, and relocation
of Japanese-Americans began in
April 1942.
• All people of Japanese descent
living on the West Coast were
ordered to detention camps in WY,
UT, AZ, and other states.
• Because Hawaii’s Japanese
population was too large to
relocate, the state of HI was under
martial law throughout the duration
of the war.
• Internment camps were scattered
all over the interior West, in
isolated desert areas of Arizona,
Did you
know that
a
California,
Utah,
Idaho,
Colorado,
Japanese Concentration Camp
was located in
and Wyoming.
Sacaton, AZ?
It was called the Gila River were forced
• Japanese-Americans
Internment Camp
to carry on their lives under harsh
conditions.
• Executive Order 9066 was
rescinded by President Roosevelt
in 1944, and the last of the camps
was closed in March, 1946.
Eleanor
Roosevelt
visiting the
Gila River
internment
Camp
• Sue Tokushige was a young mother of
20, with a 10-day-old baby, when she
was sent to a camp in Arizona with her
husband.
• She said the government did not supply
milk for her baby. Because she was
unable to breastfeed, she fed her
daughter only water for 10 days.
• She recalls with glassy eyes how a
doctor told her that, for a person who
seemed well-educated, she did not take
good care of her baby.
• 'My daughter still pays for it today,
health-wise, for the way our
government treated us’.
• Some Japanese Americans died in
the camps due to inadequate
medical care and the emotional
stresses they encountered.
• Several were killed by military
guards posted for allegedly
resisting orders.
• Children had to be educated, yet
the government did not supply
teachers.
• Instead, they looked to the camp
members to fill these types of
positions and paid them at
extremely low wages.
• If you had two or more years of
college you might become an
"assistant teacher" who in some
cases assumed a full teaching
load.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
WRA Relocation Centers
Name
State Opened
Max. Pop'n
Manzanar California
March 1942 10,046
Tule Lake California
May 1942
18,789
Poston
Arizona
May 1942
17,814
Gila River Arizona
July 1942
13,348
Granada
Colorado
August 1942 7,318
Heart Mountain
Wyoming
August 1942
10,767
• Minidoka Idaho August 1942 9,397
• Topaz
Utah September 1942
8,130
• Rohwer
Arkansas
September 1942
8,475
• Jerome
Arkansas
October 1942 8,497
Pat Morita
Imprisoned at Gila
River Concentration
Camp during WWII
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
JkaQqzumMGE (5:48)
ALLIES LIBERATE
EUROPE
Allies sent
fake coded
messages
indicating
they would
attack here
• Even as the Allies were battling for Italy, they began plans on
a dramatic invasion of France
• It was known as “Operation Overlord” and the commander
was American General Dwight D. Eisenhower
• Also called “D-Day,” the operation involved 3 million U.S. &
British troops and was set for June 6, 1944
D-DAY JUNE 6, 1944
• D-Day was the
largest land-sea-air
operation in
military history
• Despite air support,
German retaliation
was brutal –
especially at
Omaha Beach
• Within a month, the
Allies had landed
1 million troops,
567,000 tons of
supplies and
170,000 vehicles
D-Day was an amphibious landing –
soldiers going from sea to land
May 1944
• Thousands of planes, ships, tanks,
landing craft, and 3.5 million
troops awaited orders for attack.
• American General Dwight D.
Eisenhower planned to strike the
coast of Normandy, in
northwestern France.
• The Germans knew that an attack was
coming, but they didn’t know where.
• To keep Hitler guessing, the Allies set
up dummy army with its own
headquarters and equipment.
• They ordered the make-believe army to
attack at the French Seaport of Calais.
Operation Overlord
• The invasion of Normandy was the
greatest land and sea attack in
history.
• It is known as D-Day.
• June 6, 1944.
D-Day
“The eyes of the world are upon
you. The hopes and prayers of
liberty-loving people everywhere
march with you. In company with
our brave Allies and brothers-inarms on other Fronts, you will
bring about the destruction of the
German war machine, the
elimination of Nazi tyranny over
the oppressed peoples of Europe,
and security for ourselves in a
free world.”
•
-Eisenhower
• At dawn on June 6, British,
American, French, and Canadian
troops fought their way onto a 60
mile stretch of beach in
Normandy.
Captain Joseph
Dawson
• “The beach was a total chaos, with
men’s bodies everywhere, with
wounded men crying both in the
water and on the coarse gravel.”
Samuel Fuller (Time
Magazine 1944)
• “The only way to get off the beach
was to blow a big tank trap that was
blocking our way. Finally one of our
guys took the trap out…I stood up
and tried to run. When you run over
unconscious men, or men lying on
their bellies, it’s tough to keep your
balance. You go into the water, but
the water is washing bodies in and
bodies out. Bodies, heads, flesh,
intestines; that’s what Omaha beach
was.”
Planes drop paratroopers behind enemy lines at Normandy, France
• http://www.youtube.c
om/watch?v=sByg8y
Wfcyg
• Despite the heavy casualties, the
Allies held up.
• A month later, more than 1 million
additional troops landed.
• On July 25, the Allies punched a
hole in the German defenses.
General George Patton
• Patton’s third army raced through.
• Soon the Germans were retreating.
• On August 25, the Allies marched
triumphantly down the streets of Paris.
• By September, they had liberated
France, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the
Netherlands.
Battle of the Bulge
•
•
•
•
Hitler faced a war on two fronts.
The Allied forces came in on the West.
The Soviet forces came in on the East.
Hitler decided to counterattack in the
West, against the Allies.
• On December 16, German tanks broke
through weak American defenses along
an 85 mile front in Ardennes.
• The push into the Allied lines gave the
campaign its name – the Battle of the
Bulge.
• The Allies eventually pushed the Germans
back and won.
Germany Surrenders
• After the Battle of the Bulge, the war neared
its end.
• In late March 1945, the Allies invaded
Germany.
• 3 million Allied soldiers approached Berlin
from the southwest.
• 6 million Soviet soldiers approached from the
east.
• By April 25, 1945, the Soviets had surrounded
the capital.
Hitler’s Suicide
• On April 29, Hitler married Eva Braun,
his long-time companion.
• He also wrote a final address to the
German people.
• In it, he blamed Jews for starting the
war and his generals for losing it.
• “I myself and my wife choose to
die in order to escape the disgrace
of capitulation…I die with a happy
heart aware of the immeasurable
deeds of our soldiers at the front.”
• 2 days later, Hitler shot himself
after taking poison.
• His wife also swallowed poison.
• The bodies were carried out of the
underground bunker and burned.
Hitler Commits Suicide
April 30, 1945
Cyanide & Pistols
The Führer’s Bunker
Mr. & Mrs. Hitler
• May 7, 1945, General Eisenhower
accepted the unconditional
surrender of the Third Reich from
the Germany military.
• President Roosevelt, unfortunately,
did not live to see the victory.
• He suddenly died on April 12, as
Allied armies were advancing toward
Berlin.
• Harry Truman was Roosevelt’s
successor.
• Truman received the news of Nazi
surrender.
• The U.S. and other Allied powers
celebrated V-E day, Victory in
Europe Day.
• The war in Europe had ended at last.
War in Pacific
• Even though the war in Europe
was over, the Allies were still
fighting the Japanese in the
Pacific.
• The Allied victory at Guadalcanal,
caused the Japanese to retreat for
the remainder of the war.
• General
MacArthur
headed the
Allied
forces in
the Pacific.
• The Allied forces had already
been forced to surrender the
Philippines in February 1942.
• In the fall of 1944, the Allied forces
returned and eliminated the
Japanese navy.
Kamikaze
• Japanese suicide pilots.
• They would sink Allied ships by
crash-diving into them in their
bomb-filled planes.
• In March 1945, after a month of
bitter fighting and heavy losses,
American Marines took Iwo Jima, an
island 660 miles from Tokyo.
• On April 1, U.S. troops moved to the
island of Okinawa, only 350 miles
from Japan.
• On June 22, the bloodiest land battle
of the war ended.
• The Japanese lost 110,000 troops,
and the Americans lost 12,500.
• Pima Native American
Marine who helped raise
the flag on Iwo Jima.
• Also known as ‘Chief
Falling Cloud’.
• Born in Sacaton 1923,
Died in Sacaton 1955
• Buried in Arlington
Cemetary in
Washington, D.C.
• "Let's say he had
a little dream in
his heart that
someday the
Indian would be
like the white man
— be able to walk
all over the United
States."
• http://www.youtub
e.com/watch?v=N
dNV9JX-Xi8
INVADE JAPAN?
• After Okinawa,
MacArthur
predicted that a
Normandy type
amphibious
invasion of Japan
would result in
1,500,000 Allied
deaths
• President Truman
saw only one way
to avoid an
invasion of
Japan . . .
Okinawa
The loss of life at Iwo Jima and Okinawa
convinced Allied leaders that an invasion
of Japan was not the best idea
Manhattan Project
• The A-bomb was developed by
the top-secret Manhattan Project,
headed by General Leslie Groves
and J. Robert Oppenheimer.
• Truman was not aware of the
Manhattan Project until he
became President.
The Manhattan Project:
Los Alamos,
NM
Major General
Lesley R. Groves
Dr. Robert
Oppenheimer
I am become
death,
the shatterer
of worlds!
• Einstein warned
President
Roosevelt that the
Germans were
developing
nuclear weapons.
• Enrico Fermi
• Italian
Physicist who
developed
first nuclear
reactor.
Warning to Japanese
• The first atomic bomb exploded in a
desert in New Mexico on July 16, 1945.
• Truman warned the Japanese they
could expect a ‘rain of ruin from the air.’
• The Japanese did not reply.
Hiroshima
• On August 6, 1945, the U.S.
dropped an atomic bomb on
Hiroshima, a Japanese city of
365,000 people.
• 73,000 people died in the attack.
The Enola Gay dropped the
bomb on Hiroshima.
Paul Tibbets, pilot, waves
from the cockpit.
Tinian Island, 1945
Little Boy
Fat Man
Enola Gay Crew
Enola Gay after
mission
Nagasaki
• 3 days later, on August 9, a
second bomb was dropped on
Nagasaki, a city of 200,000.
• It killed 37,500 people.
• Radiation killed much more.
• Radiation burns
• Doctors estimate
that 60,000
people died from
radiation and
disease that
followed the
nuclear attack on
Japan.
Japanese Journalist
• “Within a few seconds the thousands of
people in the streets and the gardens in the
center of the town were scorched by a wave
of searing heat. Many were killed instantly,
others lay writhing on the ground, screaming
in agony from the intolerable pain of their
burns. Everything standing upright in the way
of the blast, walls, houses, factories, and
other buildings, was annihilated.”
Japanese Surrender
• The Japanese surrendered to
General Douglas MacArthur on
September 2.
• The surrender took place aboard the
U.S. battleship Missouri in Tokyo
Bay.
• With Japan’s surrender, the war
officially ended.
• V-J Day – Victory in Japan.
V-J Day in Times Square, NYC