Transcript Atlantic Charter

Chapter 17
• The U.S.’s role in WW 2
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U8 Vocab
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Axis powers
Lend-Lease Act
Atlantic Charter
Allies
Hideki Tojo
George Marshall
Women’s Auxiliary
Army Corp (WAAC)
A. Philip Randolph
Manhattan Project
Office of Price Administration (OPA)
War Production Board (WPB)
rationing
Dwight D.Eisenhower
D-Day
Omar Bradley
George Patton
Battle of the Bulge
V-E Day
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Harry S. Truman
Douglas MacArthur
Chester Nimitz
Battle of Midway
kamikaze
J. Robert Oppenheimer
Hiroshima
Nagasaki
Nuremberg trials
GI Bill of Rights
James Farmer
Congress of
Racial Equality (CORE)
Internment
Japanese American
Citizens League (JACL)
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Day 1: U.S. Action before Pearl
Harbor/ U.S. Home front
• D.Q.’s
• What Action did the U.S. take prior to Pearl Harbor?
• Describe the War Effort at Home during WW2
• Notes 1 – 19
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Breakdown of U.S. Neutrality
• 1937, Japan launched new attacks
on China; FDR sent aid to China
and came up with ways to help Br.
and France
• The League of Nations was unable
to stop war…
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“Neutral” Action by the U.S.
• 1939, Congress passed “cash-and-carry” provision
(nations could buy from us as long as they paid cash and
transported in their own ships).
• Destroyer – Base Deal = 1940, US traded old destroyers for
leases on Br. Military bases in the Caribbean and
Newfoundland.
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FDR Press 1940 Conference
“No American boys will be sent into any foreign
wars.”
“I hate war. Eleanor hates war. We all hate war.”
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Roosevelt Won a Third Term
(ran against Wendell Willkie)
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Arsenal of Democracy
• FDR feared the Axis Powers would
conquer the world; so, we became
an “arsenal of democracy”
• By late 1940, Britain had no more
cash to buy U.S. arms
• 1941, Lend-Lease Act—U.S. lend
or lease supplies for our defense
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The Draft
• Nazi victories in 1940
led to increased U.S.
defense spending
• First peacetime draft
passed—Selective
Training and Service
Act:
draftees serve 1 year
in Western
Hemisphere only
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Atlantic Charter
• Aug. 1941 FDR
and Churchill met
in the Atlantic to
set war aims….
• They issued the
Atlantic
Charter—their
goals for war and
peace.
• It became basis
for “A Declaration
of the
UnitedNations”
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Atlantic Charter Image
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• 1941, Hitler invaded Soviet Union
• We sent lend-lease supplies to
Soviet Union
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The War for the Atlantic
• Ger. Wolf packs (U-boats)—groups of
up to 40 submarines patrolled North
Atlantic to attack supply convoys.
• FDR allowed navy to attack in selfdefense
• Germans fired on U.S. ships, FDR
ordered navy to “shoot on sight”
German U-boats…
• U-boat attacks led Senate to repeal
ban on arming merchant ships
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Undeclared Naval War
in the North Atlantic
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THE US HOME FRONT
• GI Bill – gov’t provided education and training for
veterans. Act also gave federal loans to vets to buy
houses, farms, or new businesses.
• Thousands moved to the cities looking for jobs; African
Americans moved out of the South to cities in the North.
• The US emerged as the world’s dominant economic and
military power.
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Day 2 Pearl Harbor
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• Notes 74 – 80
Origins of Pacific Conflict
• Japan’s population was growing rapidly.
• Being a small nation, Japan desperately needed resources
• So it turns to a military government to pursue a policy of
expansion in the Pacific.
• In September of 1931 Japan invades Manchuria, which was a
mineral rich region in China.
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• Background
Increasing Tension of U.S. --Japanese
relations
• The U.S. placed a trade
Sanctions on Japan to
protest their invasion of
China
• The U.S. stopped
exporting Steel and Oil
to Japan.
• This really hurt Japan’s
Industrial capabilities.
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Last attempt at peace
• Peace talks with Japan
lasted about 1 month
• 1941, U.S. broke Japanese
codes; learned of attack
plan.
• December 6, Japanese
envoy instructed to reject all
U.S. proposals
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Pearl Harbor
• The U.S. entire Pacific
Fleet was docked at
Pearl Harbor (Hawaii)
• On the Sunday morning
of December 07, 1941,
Japanese bombers
attack.
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Why did the Japanese attack Pearl Harbor?
• Japan wanted to invade and
occupy other Asian
countries, which were
presently colonies of
European nations.
• Since these nations were
occupied with Hitler, Japan
felt that the U.S posed the
biggest threat to them
building a Pacific Empire.
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The attack on Pearl Harbor
• In less than 2 hours
Japanese has sank 5
battleships, 3 destroyers
and numerous other vessels
• 250 U.S planes were
destroyed
• Over 2,000 Americans were
killed
• Another 1000 wounded
• Result: The U.S. military is
severely weakened
• America declares war on
Germany and Japan
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Pearl Harbor
• Why were the Japanese
so successful?
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Reaction to Pearl Harbor:
• Congress declared war….
• “This is the day that will live in infamy”, FDR.
• Germany, Italy declared war on U.S.
• U.S. unprepared to fight in both Atlantic, Pacific Oceans
• WW 2 for the U.S.
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How did the U.S. Respond?
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Isolation vs Intervention –
decided for U.S.
Day 3 Post Pearl Harbor
Mobilization and North Africa
• D.Q.’s
• How did we mobilize our military after Pearl Harbor?
• Why did we focus on Europe & N. Africa instead of Japan?
• What was strategic importance of North Africa?
• Notes 20 – 30
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Discrimination during the
War:
• James Farmer – formed Congress of Racial Equality
(CORE) to confront urban segregation in the North.
• Detroit Riot – riot turned into the murder of 25 blacks
and 9 whites.
• Mexican-Americans also experienced violence. Los
Angeles riot between “zoot suits” and sailors.
(dress of Mexican-Am. males to symbolize their rebellion
against tradition)
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Relocation of JapaneseAmericans
• Worst case of discrimination was against the Jap.
Americans. Prejudice led to the building of Jap.
internment camps (concentration camp).
• 110,000 Jap. lost homes, businesses, etc.
• Nisei – Japanese born in this country of parents who
were born in Japan
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Internment Camp Images
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More Internment Camp
Images
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• 1944 – SC in Korematsu vs. US decided the camps were
justified due to military necessity. 1980’s, Pres. Reagan
signed a bill that promised $20 thousand to each Jap-Am
sent to a camp. 1990, Pres. Bush mailed the checks and
apologized to those who suffered.
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The U.S. enters the War
• US decided to concentrate on Europe first
and fight a defensive war against Japan.
• F.D.R.’s thought was that Germany posed the
greater threat
• Allies planned to start in North Africa first…
• Stalin upset, he wanted Britain & the U.S. to
open up a European front to relieve pressure
off Russia…
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US raised an army:
• 15 million men volunteered/drafted.
• Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps (WAAC) —women
in non-combat positions (WAC)
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The Industrial Response:
• Factories converted to war
production
• Shipyards, defense plants expand,
new ones built Factories worked at
record speeds…
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Labor’s Contribution:
• Nearly 18 million workers in war industries; 6 million
women
• Over 2 million minorities hired; faced strong
discrimination at first
• FDR’s executive order forbid discrimination in the labor
force
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The Role of minorities
• 300,000 Mexican Americans joined armed forces
• 1 million African Americans served in segregated units
• 13,000 Chinese Americans and 33,000 Japanese
Americans served
• 25,000 Native Americans enlisted
• Discrimination was common.
• Discriminated minority groups questioned whether they
should fight for democracy in other countries when they
didn’t have it at home.
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Science:
• Mobilization of Scientists
• Office of Scientific Research and Development - technology,
medicine
• Manhattan Project - develop atomic bomb, led by
Robert Oppenheimer
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Rationing
• Rationing—fixed allotments of goods people could buy
to contribute to the war effort.
• The U.S. govt. rationed several items deemed necessary
to the war effort
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North Africa
• The North African
Front, 1942
• General Dwight D.
Eisenhower
commanded invasion
of North Africa
• Afrika Korps, led by
Ger. General Erwin
Rommel, were
defeated May, 1943
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The Italian Campaign:
• Allies decided to accept only unconditional surrender
from Axis Powers (Casablanca Conference)
• Italy fell in May, 1944….
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The Battle of Stalingrad,
1942-3
• Hitler wanted to capture Rus. oil fields and destroy
Stalingrad
• Soviets defeated Germans in a bitter winter campaign Over 230,000 Germans, 1,100,000 Soviets died
• Turning point of the war in Europe: Soviet army moved
towards Germany.
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Day 3 D-day and the VE day
•Notes 31 – 38
•D. Q’s
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What was D-day? Describe it and its role in liberating Europe.
What military mistakes did Hitler make
How did the Germans ultimately fail?
What did Hitler say to the German ppl in his Last Will and Test
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D-Day
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On June 6, 1944 the allied forces stormed the beaches of Normandy,
France with 176,000 troops and 5,000 vessels.
Code named Operation Overlord and nick named D-Day, Allied Forces
(US, Great Britain and France) attempted to liberate France from
German control and drive German forces back into Germany
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Hitler’s Fate
• The Red Army is closing in
on Berlin
• Deep in the Fuhrer Bunker,
Hitler and his new wife
(married just that morning)
commit suicide.
• Nazi soldiers take their
bodies above ground and
burn them.
• His last will and
testament……
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• General George Patton led Third Army, to Paris in
August, 1944
• By Sept., France was
liberated….
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Bulge and Truman
• FDR reelected for 4th
term with running
mate Harry S. Truman
• Battle of the Bulge—
last major German
offensive , Dec. 1944
• FDR died April 12,
1945; Vice President
Harry S. Truman
became president
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• April 1945, Soviets stormed Berlin; Hitler and his new
wife, Eva, committed suicide..
• Eisenhower accepted unconditional surrender of German
Reich..
• May 8, 1945, V-E Day: Victory in Europe Day
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Day 4 The War in the Pacific
• D.Q.’s
• What were the major conflicts in the Pacific?
• What strategy did we employ there?
• How were most Pacific battles fought?
• Who was Douglas Macarthur?
• How did the U.S. win the war against Japan?
Notes 39 - 60
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The War in the Pacific
• Without American or
European deterrence
Japan expanded its
control into most of
East and South East
Asia
• Including U.S.
Controlled territories of
the Philippines and
Guam
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War in the Pacific
and on the Home Front – Part 4
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Map in book on page 580
• The attack on Pearl Harbor
missed the Pacific fleet’s subs
and aircraft carriers.
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The Japanese Empire and Hitler’s
Third Reich.
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Doolittle’s Raid
• As revenge for Pearl Harbor, in the spring of 1942, the
Allies raided Tokyo and other Jap. cities…known as
“Doolittle’s Raid”.
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• In March, 1942, Gen. Douglas MacArthur was forced to
evacuate the Philippines. He pledged, “I shall return!”
MacArthur’s return….
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• Battle of the Coral Sea (May, 1942) Allies stopped the
Japanese from taking bases to attack Australia.
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Battle of Midway:
• Am. broke the Japanese code and knew that Midway
was their target. Adm. Nimitz defended the island, June,
1942.
• Jap. were surprised….they lost 4 aircraft carriers, a
cruiser and 250 planes…..
• Turning point in Pacific War…
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• Americans begin “island hopping” in summer 1942.
• Japan lost first land battle at Guadalcanal.
• (important because of its landing field)
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• Kamikaze – Japanese suicide pilots,
• at first it was an honor…
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Iwo Jima
• Iwo Jima – was a critical base for US planes. Probably
one of the most heavily defended places on earth.
• (21,000 Jap. soldiers –entrenched in tunnels and caves)
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• Only 200 Jap. survived; 6,000 marines died.
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Okinawa
• Last obstacle was Okinawa.
• Jap. used more than 1900 kamikazes, lost 110,000 men
defending this last stronghold.
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Japanese atrocities:
Bataan Death March
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The Atomic Bomb
• On August 6, 1945, the U.S.
dropped an Atomic Bomb on
Hiroshima, Japan
• 60,000 – 80,000 died
immediately because of the blast
• 100 sq. miles of the city was
destroyed
• Aug. 7 The U.S. demands
immediate and Conditional
surrender
• Aug. 9 a second bomb was
dropped on Nagasaki
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The atomic Bomb
• After Iwo Jima and Okinawa,
Truman feared we would lose millions if we invaded
Tokyo and the main islands.
• He decided to use a new weapon– the atomic bomb.
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• We tested the atomic bomb once in New Mexico, but
were really unsure of its effects
• August 6, 1945, a B-29 bomber named the Enola Gay
dropped the first bomb (called Little Boy) on Hiroshima.
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Hiroshima Images
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Hiroshima Images 2
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Nagasaki + Surrender
• Aug. 8, 1945 – second
bomb dropped on
Nagasaki
• Sept. 2, 1945 –
Hirohito formally
surrendered.
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Day 5 Yalta and the Post War
• DQ’s
• How did the Yalta Conference affect the Post war world?
• What (5W’s) was the Manhattan Project?
• Was the U.S. right to drop the A-bomb?
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• In 1945, the Big 3 had met at Yalta
Conference and FDR gave
concessions to Stalin to get help
against Japan. That help came
after we dropped the atomic bomb.
• Another thing FDR agreed to was
the division of Germany which
became a serious issue between
the US and Soviet Union.
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Berlin
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West and East Germany
• Occupation of Japan – Gen. MacArthur was in control of
Japan’s recovery for 7 years. Japanese wrote a new
constitution giving women the right to vote and
guaranteeing basic freedoms.
• They were allowed to keep their emperor.
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War Crime Trials
• Atrocities were committed by the Germans and the
Japanese. Tojo was sentenced to death, along with
other Japanese leaders who committed war crimes.
• The Nuremberg Trials tried German war criminals.
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War Crimes?
• Crimes against the Peace
• War Crimes
• Crimes against Humanity
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