Transcript Nazi - Germany - Revision - Lecture

Need to be able to
answer…
1. Was the Weimar doomed
from the start?
3. How effectively
did the Nazi’s
control Germany
1933-45?
2. How was Hitler able to
come to power in Germany?
4. What was it like to live in Nazi Germany?
What problems did the
Weimar Republic face?
How was the Weimar
Republic governed?
The Weimar Constitution
What problems did the
Weimar Republic face?
Within days of taking over, the
new government had to sign an
Problem 1
armistice that ended the fighting
in WW1. The leaders of the
Defeat in the First World Republic had little choice but to
War
sign this – the German army was
The ‘Stab in the back’
retreating and people at home
faced starvation.
However, not all Germans saw it
this way. The loss of the war had
come as a shock.
What problems did the
Weimar Republic face?
Problem 2
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany did not start the
First World War. It is not
to blame for the war. All
the countries involved
should take a share of the
blame. We do not expect to
be punished for a war we
did not start!
The Allies said that they wanted a more
democratic Germany. That is what we have
created. The Kaiser has gone. Our new
government needs support, not punishment.
The Allies will not punish us for what the
Kaiser did.
President Wilson of the USA is on our side.
He has already said that the treaty should
not be too hard on us. Wilson has come up
with Fourteen Points that will form the
basis of a fair treaty. France and Britain
will have to listen to him.
What problems did the
Weimar Republic face?
Problem 2
The Treaty
of Versailles
Land
• Germany lost 13% of its land (and
about 6 million people living there).
• This lost land had important raw
materials, such as coal.
• Germany was split in 2. This was
giving Poland access to the sea.
• German troops were not allowed in
the Rhineland.
• All Germany’s overseas colonies were
taken away.
What problems did the
Weimar Republic face?
Problem 2
The Treaty
of Versailles
Army
• The German army was to be reduced
to just 100,000.
• The navy was cut to 15,000 sailors
and only 6 battleships.
• Germany was not allowed submarines,
tanks or an air force.
What problems did the
Weimar Republic face?
Problem 2
The Treaty
of Versailles
Money
• Germany had to pay reparations.
Most of the money would go to
France and Belgium.
• At Versailles no sum was fixed. But in
1921 the Allies fixed the total
amount that Germany had to pay at
£6600 million (£6.6 billion).
What problems did the
Weimar Republic face?
Problem 2
The Treaty
of Versailles
Blame
• In the ‘war guilt’ clause, Germany was
blamed for the war.
• This enabled the Allies to demand
compensation from Germany for all
the damage that had been caused.
What problems did the
Weimar Republic face?
Problem 3
The Spartacist Rising 1919
The Red Rising in the
Political Violence Ruhr, 1920
The Kapp
Putsch, 1920
The Munich
Putsch, 1923
What problems did the
Weimar Republic face?
Problem 4
Hyperinflation
Germany struggled to keep up with the
reparation payments to the Allies. In 1922
Germany announced that it could not afford
to pay reparations for the next three years.
France did not believe this and were
determined to make Germany pay.
In 1923 60,000 French and Belgian troops
marched into the Ruhr, an important
industrial area of Germany. They seized
control of all mines, factories and railways.
They took supplies from shops and set up
machine-gun posts in the streets.
Was the Weimar Republic
ever a success?
Stresemann
Hyperinflation
French Occupation of the Ruhr
Germany not trusted
Reparations
Rebuild economy
Why had the Nazi party
achieved so little by 1928?
Early life
• Born 1889 in Austria
• Poor at most subjects
Life after school
• Joins the German army, fights in WW1
Adolf Hitler Political life
• Employed as spy by the army
• Joins the German Workers Party
• 1923 Munich Putsch
Leadership qualities
• Energy, charismatic, inspirational, great public
speaker
Why had the Nazi party
achieved so little by 1928?
Beliefs
Key points from Mein Kampf, 1924
• One strong leader. Debate and discussion
produce weak government. There should be no
majority decisions. Instead of democracy,
decisions should be taken by one man.
• Smash Communism.
• The Aryans are the Master Race. All other races
(especially the Jews) are inferior.
• Unite all Germans in one country.
• Rebuild the army and invade land in Eastern
Europe. Armed struggle is an essential part of
life.
Why had the Nazi party
achieved so little by 1928?
Tactics
• Hitler realised he couldn’t gain power by force.
• Trying to build support for the Nazi’s so they can
take power by democratic means.
• Evening classes to improve Nazi public speakers
Organisation
and tactics The SA, 1928
•
•
•
•
•
Stands for Stormtroopers (or Brownshirts)
Many are ex-soldiers who fought in WW1
Growing increasingly powerful since origin in 1921.
Set up to stop Nazi meetings being interrupted.
Protect Nazi speakers and deliver propaganda.
Why had the Nazi party
achieved so little by 1928?
Nazi’s appealed to:
• Ex-soldiers who fought in WW1
• People who lost out due to hyperinflation
Support
Nazi’s didn’t appeal to:
• Jewish
• Stresemann supporters
• Communists
• Businessmen
Why had the Nazi party
achieved so little by 1928?
Nazi’s lacked the support of the working class
• Most workers voted for the Social Democratic Party.
• Workers who wanted to see change tended to vote for the
Communist party
1924-1929 was a time of peace and prosperity
• Stresemann had managed to solve many of the economic
problems of the early 1920’s. Loans from foreign countries had
helped to rebuild the German economy.
The Nazis’ ideas were too extreme
• People were put off by the Nazis’ anti-semitic ideas and their aim
of invading other countries.
• The SA were very violent. They were seen by many people as little
more than hired thugs.
How did Hitler become
Chancellor in 1933?
Hitler’s leadership
skills
Nazi Promises
Organisation
Nazi Propaganda
How did Hitler become
Chancellor in 1933?
Fear of Communism
Weak Opposition
A Political Deal
How was Hitler able to
become dictator?
January 1933
18 months later
When Hitler became Chancellor
he was in a very weak position.
• Support for Nazis fallen from
37% - 33% during 1932.
• Hitler could be sacked by
Hindenburg at any time.
• Only 3 Nazis given positions in
new government.
• Hindenburg and Papen
planned to use Hitler like a
puppet.
By the end of 1934 Hitler was in a
totally different position.
• Papen had resigned.
• Hindenburg was dead and
Hitler was now President.
• Army taken an oath of loyalty.
• Nazis were only party.
• All threats to Nazi Party
removed.
• Hitler could introduce any law
he wanted.
How was Hitler able to become dictator?
1934
1933
27 February – Reichstag Fire
Blamed on a Communist – Marius
van der Lubbe
5 March – New Elections
Nazis used the police and SA to put
pressure on political opponents
24 March – The Enabling Act
This law would give Hitler the
power to pass laws without going
through the Reichstag
29-30 June – Night of the Long
Knives
Hitler concerned about the
increasing power of the SA.
Saw Ernst Rohm as a rival to his
power.
SA leaders were dragged from
their beds, taken to Nazi
headquarters and shot dead.
2 May – Trade unions taken over
2 August – Death of Hindenburg
When Hindenburg died, Hitler
made himself President as well.
July – All political parties banned
August – Army Oath
How did Hitler keep control?
Terror
The SS
• Protection squad.
• Himmler built it up and by
1939 it had 240,000
members.
The Gestapo
• State secret police.
• Tapped telephones,
opened mail, had networks
of informers.
Concentration Camps
• Constructed in rural areas.
• Used for torture, labour
and questioning
The police and courts
• Police became part of a
network of informers.
• Courts under Nazi control.
• Judges were Nazis so a fair
trial was impossible
How did Hitler keep control?
Propaganda
Newspapers
Radio
• Anti-Nazi newspapers shut
• Foreign programmes could
down.
Films
not be picked up.
• Jews banned from owning
• Cinema very popular.
• Cheap radios produced to
or working for newspapers.
• Goebbels controlled listen
all of to propaganda.
• Goebbels told newspapers
the films made in
what to write
Germany.
Rallies
• Always a newsreelBooks
film
• Rallies presented anbefore
imageany film. • Nazis organised official
book burnings.
of order and control to the
• All new books had to be
German people.
approved by Goebbels.
• Once in power, became
eve more impressive
Why was opposition to the
Nazis so weak?
Former political opponents
Who?
• Socialists
• Communists
What?
• Secret meetings
• Strikes
• Handing out leaflets
• Writing anti-Nazi graffiti on
walls
When?
• 1933 - 1935
The Churches
Who?
• 22 million Roman Catholics
• 40 million Protestants
What?
• Marriages
• Burials
• Run schools 2/3 of German
children attend
• Wanted to keep politics separate
When?
• 1933 - 1945
Why was opposition to the
Nazis so weak?
Army Officers
Who?
• Group of army officers
What?
• Attempted to assassinate
Hitler
When?
• 1943 - 1944
Edelweiss Pirates
Who?
• Working class young people
• A few hundred per city
What?
• Made fun of Hitler
• Some groups beat up Nazis
When?
• 1938 - 1944
Did the Nazis change the
lives of everyone in Germany?
Young people
Hitler youth
• 30% of young Germans
members even before Nazis
came to power.
• Once Nazis in power,
membership was hard to avoid.
• 80% members by 1939.
• Spent time doing physical
activities.
• For girls, focus on keeping fit
and home building.
• Curriculum changes in school.
Women
• Wanted women to be mothers
not workers
• Women not allowed to work –
they were sacked.
• Loans offered for marriage – can
then start a family.
• Medals awarded for having
children.
• Women with inherited diseases
or weaknesses sterilised.
• Women to dress simply, and not
encouraged to be too slim.
Did the Nazis change the
lives of everyone in Germany?
Workers
Nazis reduced unemployment
• By a huge building programme
(motorways, railways, schools,
hospitals and houses).
• By increasing the armed forces
from 100,000 to 1,400,000 (all
males 18-25 had to do 2 yrs
military service)
• By re-arming Germany
• By removing many women from
the employment register
• By removing many Jews from the
employment register
Workers
Trade Unions abolished, all workers
had to join the German Labour Front
(DAF). They arranged better facilities
for workers in factories. Strength
through joy provided good deals for
workers.
Farmers
Nazis believed they were the
backbone of the German ‘master
race’. Nazis supported small farmers
by giving guaranteed prices for their
produce.
How did the Nazis change the
lives of people who did not ‘fit’?
Those who wouldn’t work
Those who couldn’t work
Those who did not fit into
‘normal’ families
Those who would not make
Hitler their first loyalty
Those who were not ‘Aryans’
How did the Nazis change the
lives of people who did not ‘fit’?
From prejudice to persecution – key dates
1933
Jewish judges dismissed. Jews banned from public service jobs.
1935
Jewish writers not published.
The Nuremberg Laws: Jews could not be German citizens
Jews could not marry non-Jews
1936
Jews not allowed typewriters or bicycles.
1938
Jews can’t practice as doctors, can’t run their own business, children
barred from state schools, banned from swimming pools and theatres.
Kristallnacht.
1939
Jews not allowed out of their homes after 8p.m in winter, 9p.m in
summer. Had to hand over any jewellery they owned to the police.
How did the coming of war change life in Nazi
Germany?
Hardship at Home
Bombing
The war at sea cut off imported food.
Rationing was started in 1939. Most
foods, clothes and soap were
rationed. Hot water was available two
days a week. Workers in heavy
industry and mothers got extra milk.
From 1942 the Allies started bombing
German cities. The destruction left
thousands of people homeless. In
‘fire storms’ the intense heat sucked
in oxygen and people suffocated even
in shelters. Not enough doctors.
Labour shortages
Propaganda
Most men in the army so there was a
labour shortage. Albert Speer wanted
to conscript women. Workers were
bought in from obtained foreign
countries. By 1944 there were 7
million such foreign workers, mainly
from Russia and Poland.
Continued throughout the war. It
encouraged citizens to save fuel, keep
a blackout, work in the factories and
support Hitler. Many Germans
however recognised that they were
being lied to and started to turn their
radios to other broadcasts.
The Holocaust
Einsatzgruppen
Ghettos
Before war there were 350,000 Jews
living in Nazi Germany. There were 6
million Jews in Poland and Russia that
came under their control. Following
the armies a group of einsatzgruppen
would get the Jews to dig trenches
and then shoot them dead.
In Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary
and Lithuania, Jews were forced into
special sections of cities called
Ghettoes. The Warsaw Ghetto held
400,000 Jews (30% of population).
They were impossibly overcrowded.
Food, water and power were cut off.
The ‘Final Solution’
Shooting and the Ghettos seen as inefficient ways of killing millions of people.
January 1942 Nazis met at Wannsee to create a more efficient way of killing
Jews. Gas chambers introduced – they could kill up to 2000 Jews at once. All
the death camps had good rail links for ease of access. By the end of the war
1,100,000 people had been killed in the Auschwitz gas chambers. The other
main camps were: Treblinka (852,000 killed), Sobibor (305,000 killed), Belzac
(602,000 killed), Majdenek (60,000 killed) and Chelmno (150,000 killed).
Round 1 – what’s the
connection?
5 Points
3 Points
2 Points
1 Point
No
submarines
Get
Ready!
13% of land
lost
Blame for
WW1
£6.6 billion in
reparations
Terms of the Treaty of Versailles
Round 1 – what’s the
connection?
5 Points
3 Points
2 Points
1 Point
Blonde
Hair
Get
Ready!
Blue Eyes
Physically Fit
No Illnesses
Hitler’s Aryan Race
Round 1 – what’s the
connection?
5 Points
3 Points
2 Points
1 Point
Jews not
German
Get
Ready!
citizens
Banned sexual
relationships
between Jews
and non-Jews
Banned
marriage
between Jews
and non-Jews
Jews could not
vote
Terms of the Nuremberg Laws
Round 1 – what’s the
connection?
5 Points
3 Points
2 Points
1 Point
Get1938
Ready!
Propaganda
showed Jews
to be bad for
Germany
Jew murdered
a German
diplomat in
November
Thousands of
Jewish shops
smashed
Kristallnacht
Round 1 – what’s the
connection?
5 Points
3 Points
2 Points
1 Point
Revolution
Get
Ready!
Stormtroopers
Bavaria
Beer Hall
Munich Putsch
Round 1 – what’s the
connection?
5 Points
3 Points
2 Points
1 Point
Refusal to
Getwork
Ready!
Industry
Marks
Hyperinflation
French Invasion of the Ruhr
Round 2 – what comes fourth?
5 Points
3 Points
2 Points
1 Point
Dawes
Plan
Get
Ready!
Rentenmark
French troops
left the Ruhr
Young
? Plan
Stresemann working towards international cooperation
Round 2 – what comes fourth?
5 Points
3 Points
2 Points
1 Point
Hitler uses the
Depression to
Get Ready!
promise
better
things
Hitler stands
against
Hindenburg in
1932 and loses
Nazi’s largest
party in
Reichstag –
July 1932
Hitler offered
Chancellorship
?
in 1933
Hitler’s climb to power
Round 2 – what comes fourth?
5 Points
July 1932 Nazi’s
didn’t have the
majority
needed
Get Ready!
to control the
Reichstag
3 Points
2 Points
1 Point
Hindenburg
appointed von
Papen as
Chancellor
General von
Schleicher
persuaded
Hindenburg to
remove Papen
and make him
Chancellor
Papen wanted
revenge. He met
with Hitler and
?
made a political
deal to form a
new government.
The political deal that led to Hitler becoming Chancellor
Round 2 – what comes fourth?
5 Points
3 Points
2 Points
1 Point
The Spartacist
Get
Ready!
Rising,
1919
The Red Rising,
1920
The Kapp
Putsch, 1920
The Munich
?
Putsch, 1923
Risings against the Weimar Republic
Round 2 – what comes fourth?
5 Points
3 Points
2 Points
1 Point
Enabling Act,
Get
Ready!
March
1933
Political
parties banned,
July 1933
Night of the
Long Knives,
June 1934
Death of
Hindenburg,
?
August 1934
Points in Hitler’s path to dictatorship
Round 2 – what comes fourth?
5 Points
Former
political
Get
Ready!
opponents
3 Points
The churches
2 Points
1 Point
Army officers
Young people
Edelweiss
Pirates
? and
White Rose
Group
Nazi opposition groups
Round 3 – missing vowels
LBNSRM
LEBENSRAUM
German Terminology
Round 3 – missing vowels
NSTZGRPPN
EINSATZGRUPPEN
German Terminology
Round 3 – missing vowels
HNRCH HMMLR
HEINRICH HIMMLER
Key Nazi figures
Round 3 – missing vowels
JSF GBBLS
JOSEPH GOEBBELS
Key Nazi figures
Round 3 – missing vowels
STRNGTH THRGH JY
STRENGTH THROUGH JOY
Types of Propaganda
Round 3 – missing vowels
BRLN LYMPCS
BERLIN OLYMPICS
Famous scientists