Transcript Chapter 10.1 PPT Notes - Spring

DICTATORS AND WAR
CHAPTER 10-1 NOTES
Journal Question:
What is a dictatorship?
– A government where one person assumes
sole and absolute power without hereditary
succession.
Essential Question for
Section
Why did totalitarian states rise after WWI,
and what did they do?
A Bitter Peace Unravels
The Treaty of Versailles is greatly
resented by Germany.
–WHY?
Germany and Russia weren’t even present!
Italy and Japan expected much more land in
return for their sacrifices.
A Bitter Peace Unravels
During the 1920s, many nations, new and
old moved toward democracy. However,
others took the opposite direction
embracing TOTALITARIANISM.
Bitterness, anger, frustration, despair and
a burning desire for revenge = one recipe
for doom.
Totalitarianism
Theory of government where a single
party or leader controls the economic,
social, political and cultural lives of its
peoples.
Characteristics of a Totalitarian
State:
1. Single party dictatorship
2. Strong charismatic leader
3. State control of economy
4. Use of police, spies and terror to enforce will.
5. Government control of media and propaganda.
6. Use of schools and youth organizations to
spread ideas to children.
7. Strict censorships of intellectuals and political
dissidents.
JOSEPH STALIN
Took over Communist Party in 1924 after
Vladimir Lenin died.
Stalin was suspicious, cruel, ruthless and
tyrannical.
He did not think twice about
killing rivals or sentencing
innocent people to death.
Born Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili
“MAN OF STEEL”
Joseph Stalin
Tried to transform the Soviet Union into an industrial
power and in the process killed close to 10 million
people.
In what became known as the Great Terror, Stalin
purged the communist party of real or suspected traitors
in the 1930s, ordering the death or imprisonment of up
to a million people.
Combination of fear and
propaganda kept Stalin in power.
Soviet Propaganda Poster
“Look Me in the Eyes and Tell Me Honestly:
Who is your friend? Who is your enemy?
You have no friends among capitalists.
You have no enemies among the workers.
Only in a union of the workers of all nations
will you be victorious over capitalism and
liberated from exploitation.
Down with national antagonisms!
Workers of the world unite!”
Layout of the
barracks
Solitary Confinement Cell
Typical jacket of
prisoner
Typical Day at the Camp
Daily Schedule of a Gulag Prisoner
Time
Activity
6:00 AM
Wake up call
6:30 AM
Breakfast
7:00 AM
Roll-call
7:30 AM
1 1/2 hour to march to
forests, under guarded
escort
6:00 PM
1 1/2 hour return march to
camp
7:30 PM
Dinner
8:00 PM
After-dinner camp work
duties (chop firewood,
shovel snow, gardening,
road repair, etc.)
11:00 PM
Perm Region Camps, 1948-1953
About 150,000 inmates were imprisoned
in more than 150 camps in the Perm
region during the late 1940s. This made
up about one-third of the total working
population of the region.
Benito Mussolini
Founds Fascist Party in
1919.
Promised to make Italy
great again.
Italy had not received
the spoils they felt they
deserved after the war,
and the depression hit
Italy hard.
Followers are known as
Black Shirts.
Benito Mussolini
Fought against
socialists and
communists.
Fearing revolution,
King Victor
Emmanuel III asked
Mussolini to form a
government.
Takes over and calls
himself “Il Duce” or
the leader.
Benito Mussolini
Outlawed political parties took over the press,
created a secret police, organized youth groups to
indoctrinate his ideas and suppressed strikes.
Despite this, his hold over Italy was never as strong
as Stalin’s grip in the Soviet Union.
ADOLF HITLER
After WWI, Germany becomes a democracy called
the Weimar Republic.
Republic struggles during depression.
Anger over the Treaty of Versailles and internal
disunity leads to its demise.
National Socialist German Worker’s Party or the
Nazis threaten it further.
With the country near financial collapse,
one embittered WWI veteran sought
someone to blame….
ADOLF HITLER
– Had survived a poison
gas attack and
Remained convinced
that politicians, not
the German Army
were responsible for
Germany losing the
war.
Adolf Hitler
Feeling betrayed, Hitler joined a radical
organization that hatched a plot to overthrow the
German government in 1923.
(National Socialist German Workers Party  Nazis)
Ideology based on racism, nationalism, and the
supremacy of the state over the individual.
Adolf Hitler
Hitler led the party that opposed communism and
socialism
Pushes for German ethnic solidarity.
While in prison after a botched rebellion attempt,
(Beer Hall Putsch) Hitler writes Mein Kampf, (“My
Struggle”) in which he outlines the problems facing
Germany.
NAZI BIBLE
•During Hitler's years in power, the
book was given free to every
newlywed couple and every soldier
fighting at the front.
* By the end of the war, about 10
million copies of the book had been
sold or distributed in Germany.
ADOLF HITLER
Key among those he criticized were communists and
Jewish People.
He was violently anti-Semitic.
Recognizing the power of the Nazi Party, the
President of the Weimar Republic appoints Hitler to
be Chancellor.
Adolf Hitler
Eventually becomes President as well and rules
uncheck by the German Parliament or Reichstag.
Aided by a secret police.
– “Gestapo”
His economic policies including rearmament and
public works projects get Germany out of the
depression.
He is heralded as a savior of sorts for Germans.
Militarists Gain Power in Japan
A period of democracy that took place in the 1920s in
Japan ended when the Great Depression discredited
their leaders.
Military leaders argued that expansion would solve
Japan’s problems and secure their future
Japan was not a totalitarian dictatorship. They lacked a
charismatic leader.
Japanese Expand Their Empire
Japan started on a course of aggressive
military expansion.
In 1931, Japan attacked Manchuria and
established a puppet state.
– New Nation = Manchukuo
Japanese Expand Their Empire
In 1937, Japan moved against China.
In the then capital city of Nanjing,
Japanese soldiers acted with extreme
brutality.
– Killed more than 200,000 residents
– Burned the city
– “Rape of Nanjing”
(see article)
Weakness of the League of
Nations
Had no standing army and no real power to enforce its
decree.
During the hard economic times of the 1930s many of its
member nations lacked determination to make it work.
When aggressive nations start to test the League, they
find it to be long on words but short on action.
Hitler and Mussolini Threaten
the Peace:
Right from the start, Hitler focused on restoring
Germany’ strength and nullifying the provisions of the
Treaty of Versailles.
From 1933-1936, he rebuilt the German economy and
dramatically enlarged the army, navy and air force.
Hitler has a key goal
reunify all German people
into one Reich or state.
The Third Reich
This “Third Reich” he proposed would last
1,000 years.
– The First Reich (962-1806) was the Holy Roman Empire, which
included modern day Germany, Austria, the Czech lands,
Northern Italy, and various other territories.
– The Second Reich was Imperial Germany (1871-1918), as
unified by Bismarck.
– The Third Reich was Nazi Germany (1933-45).
The Third Reich
This required LEBENSRAUM
– “Living Space”
Hitler said this was needed for the German
Empire to prosper.
– In 1935, Hitler reclaims the Saar region of
from French control.
– In 1936, he send troops into the Rhineland
– League of Nations fails to respond.
Meanwhile…
In 1935, Mussolini invades Ethiopia.
Ethiopian Emperor Haile Selassie appeals
to the League of Nations… their
response….no action.
Aggression Goes Unchecked
The policy of France and Britain pursued against
aggressive nations during the 1930s is known as
appeasement.
– Granting concessions to a potential enemy in an effort
to maintain peace.
Only made fascist leaders more bold and
aggressive.
This is easy..
Aggression Goes Unchecked
Why?
– Leaders vowed to never let another war like
WWI take place.
– Some leaders felt the Soviet Union posed a
bigger threat than Nazi Germany.
A strong Germany could be a nice buffer.
– Other leaders questioned the determination of
their allies, for example the United States.
Result…
Hitler takes advantage …
– In spring of 1938, he brought Austria into his Reich.
– Austria is given little choice but to accept the union
called Anschluss.
– In the fall, Hitler turned toward the Sudetenland,
portion of western Czechoslovakia that was largely
populated by ethnic Germans.
Munich Conference
People expected the
conflict over the
Sudetenland to bring
about war.
At conference, British
Prime Minister Neville
Chamberlain and French
premier Daladier
sacrificed the
Sudetenland to preserve
the peace.
Munich Pact
Agreement reached
at the conference.
Neville Chamberlain
told a cheering crowd
it was “Peace for our
time.”
He was wrong.