Transcript TEKS Review - Humble ISD

Ch. 31-36 TEKS
Review
1914 to 1945
Turning Points - WWI
• Changed America from a nation in debt to an
international creditor
• Changed the U.S. from a international trader to an
international savior
• Moved U.S. into isolationism
• Changed the way America wages war
• Created a deep concern over Communism/Socialism in
America
• Moved the U.S. into a closer relationship with Britain
• Created middle east nations that would become very
important in the decades after WWII
WWI Facts
• Causes: 1) German submarine attacks, and 2) Zimmerman letter to Mexico, 3)
Need to preserve democratic nations – “make the world safe for democracy”.
• Leaders: Woodrow Wilson (President), General Pershing (leader of U.S.
Expeditionary Force).
• Battles: 1) 2nd Battle of Marne forces Germans to be gin withdrawal from
France. 2) Battle of Argonne Forest – largest U.S. battle with 1,000,000 soldiers
and 120,000 deaths.
• Treaty of Versailles – France & Britain made Germany pay lots in reparations as
Germany was left out of negotiations, France occupied some of German
territory under the League of Nations, League of Nations was created to
provide collective security, Ottoman Empire was broken up creating Syria,
Jordan, Lebanon, Iraq, and eventually Israel, U.S. didn’t ratify it because they
didn’t want League of Nations or to back up European nations in the event of a
war.
WWI – New Technology
• Machine guns – Used first by Germans in 1914
• Poison gas – Used first by Germans in 1915
• Tanks – First produced by the British in 1915
• Flamethrowers – First used by German troops near Verdun in February 1915.
• Airplanes - First use of airplanes in WWI in 1914 for reconnaissance, then bomb
dropping, then plane to plane fighting.
• Trench Warfare – each side fought from trenches the other side normally
couldn’t breach with the area between a hellish, flesh eating, deadly “no-man’s
land” resulting in a stalemate on the Western front.
• Trace bullets - First were in 1915, but were “erratic” and limited to 100 meters,
but the second, in 1916, was a real hit as the shooter could see where the
bullets went at night.
• Air traffic control - In 1917, for the first time, a human voice was transmitted by
radio from a plane in flight to an operator on the ground.
WWI – New Technology
• Depth Charges - An underwater bomb that could be lobbed from the deck of a
ship using a catapult or chute. The first one was produced by the British Navy in
1916.
• Aircraft Carriers - The first time an airplane was launched from a moving ship
was in May 1912, but planes couldn’t yet land on its deck having to set down on
the water and then be retrieved. Squadron Commander Edward Dunning
became the first person to land a plane on a moving ship on August 2, 1917.
• Pilotless drones – The first was developed for the U.S. Navy in 1916 and 1917
originally designed as an unmanned aerial bomb—essentially a prototype cruise
missile. The first unmanned flight in history occurred on Long Island on March
6, 1918. In the end, the targeting technique—point and fly—was too imprecise
for it to be useful against ships during the war.
• Mobile X-Ray Machines – A French woman, Marie Curie, by October 1914, had
installed X-ray machines in several cars and small trucks which toured smaller
surgical stations at the front.
Wilson and WWI
• President Wilson wanted to use the war to do two
things:
• 1) It would be the war to end all wars
• 2) This victory would make the world safe for democracy
• He published a blueprint for a postwar world called “Fourteen
Points”.
• His main objective was to create a “League of Nations” which
would be an international organization to provide collective
security.
Social Issues
• Race relations –
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Plessy v. Ferguson – segregation – Jim Crow
Progressivism did little
Immigration laws of the 1920’s
The best jobs still went to white men first.
Blacks still had a difficult time voting and being allowed into political office.
• Women
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finally got the right to vote in 1920 (19th amendment),
Cult of domesticity/Republican woman
Some were working in plants but for less pay
Jobs of stature never went to women in this age.
In the 1920’s began expressing their freedoms and sexuality
• Immigrants –
• American Protection Group
• Immigrant laws in the 1920’s reduced immigrant flow to the U.S. to a trickle.
• Eastern and South Europeans, as well as Asians.
Social Issues
• Red Scare –
• Russian revolution in 1917, civil war in 1919, Communism – USSR
• Americans became concerned and suspicious anti-Americanism
• Attorney General rounded up thousands of suspected Socialists in early
1920’s.
• Prohibition –
• 18th amendment outlawed alcohol in America in 1920.
• Government officials were understaffed and under paid
• Organized gangs were established – black market, violence, Al Capone
• Officials were bribed often
• Innocent people were often at risk
Notable People
• Henry Cabot Lodge – U.S. Senator
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Advocated: strong navy, Spanish-America War, Philippines, high tariffs, gold standard, WWI
Conservative Republican, opposed the progressivism of Woodrow Wilson
Chairman of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations and Senate Majority Leader
Led the fight against ratification of the Treaty of Versailles, because of the League of Nations.
• Alfred Thayer Mahan –
• American naval officer and historian who was a highly influential exponent of sea power.
• His books influenced Great Britain and Germany, in their buildup of naval forces for WWI.
• Sanford B. Dole –
• Worked with Hawaiian sugar interests to overthrow Queen Liliuokalani and to seek annexation of
Hawaii by the U.S.
• They deposed the queen and installed a provisional government with Dole as president
• Dole and his colleagues established the Republic of Hawaii (1894), with Dole as president
• In 1900 Congress created the Territory of Hawaii, Dole was appointed the first territorial governor
• In 1903 he became judge of the U.S. district court of Hawaii until his retirement in 1915
Notable People
• Clarence Darrow – Famous defense lawyer in many dramatic criminal trials.
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Attempted to free the anarchists charged in the Haymarket Riot
Defended Eugene V. Debs, arrested on a federal charge arising from the Pullman Strike.
Secured the acquittal of labor leader William D. Haywood for assassination charges,
Saved Richard Loeb and Nathan Leopold from the death penalty
Defended John T. Scopes (The “Monkey Trial”).
• William Jennings Bryan - Democratic and Populist leader
• Ran unsuccessfully three times for the U.S. presidency (1896, 1900, 1908).
• Supporters viewed him as a champion of liberal causes.
• He was influential in the eventual adoption of such reforms as popular election of
senators, income tax, creation of a Department of Labor, Prohibition, and woman
suffrage.
• He served as Wilson’s Secretary of State.
• Firm believer in a literal interpretation of the Bible, he prosecuted a schoolteacher
(Scopes) accused of teaching Darwinism (evolutionary) rather than creationism. The trial
(“Monkey Trial”) attracted worldwide attention as a dramatic duel between
fundamentalism and modernism. Jennings died shortly after this trial.
Notable People
• Marcus Garvey - An orator for the Black Nationalism
• Founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League
• Advanced a Pan-African philosophy which inspired a global mass movement
• Garveyism would eventually inspire others, from Islam to the Rastafari movement.
• Eleanor Roosevelt – wife of Franklin Roosevelt
• Niece of Theodore Roosevelt—one of the most outspoken women in the White House
• Gave press conferences and wrote a newspaper column.
• Served at the United Nations, focusing on human rights and women's issues.
• Glenn Curtis –
• Aviation pioneer who is known as the father of naval aviation.
• Responsible for the first aircraft to take off from and land on the decks of ships at sea
Notable Events - Urbanization
The Industrial Revolution of the 19th and 20th centuries transformed urban life
The increased number of jobs, along with technological innovations in
transportation and housing construction, encouraged migration to cities.
By the second half of the 19th century, retail districts, office blocks,
manufacturing districts, and residential areas—characterized urban life.
By 1900 more than a third of urban dwellers owned their own homes, one of the
highest rates in the world at the time.
In the 50 years from 1870 to 1920, the number of Americans in cities grew from
10 million to 54 million.
Massive changes in lifestyles and values were being seen in the 1920’s America,
such as for the first time in American history more people lived in the city than
the country (1920 census).
Notable Events – Urbanization, cont.
The growth of cities outpaced the ability of local governments to extend clean water,
garbage collection, and sewage systems into poorer areas, so conditions in cities
deteriorated.
Cities in the late 19th century were large, crowded, and impersonal places devoted to
making money. Not surprisingly, corruption was rampant in city government and city
services, in the construction industry, and among landlords and employers.
High rents, low wages, and poor services produced misery in the midst of
unprecedented economic growth.
The Progressive movement of the late 19th and early 20th centuries succeeded in
reducing some of the corruption and in establishing housing codes, public health
measures, and civil service examinations in city governments.
Beautification programs, electrification, and construction of libraries, parks,
playgrounds, and swimming pools, gradually improved the quality of urban life in the
20th century, although poor areas received fewer benefits.
Poverty, particularly among new arrivals, and low wages remained problems in the
cities throughout the 19th and 20th centuries.
Roaring ‘20’s
• As a result of WWI America turned inward in the 1920’s as demonstrated by:
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avoiding entanglements with foreign countries,
denouncing “radical” foreign ideas (i.e. – Communism & Socialism),
condemning un-American lifestyles,
closing off immigration.
• The boom of the 1920’s caused Americans as incomes and living standards to
rise.
• Prosperity, industry, ingenuity, productivity, and discovery made the twenties
roar due to favorable tax policies, new machinery, new production methods,
and new oil discoveries.
• People were overextended with credit and speculation like in no other time.
• The stock market became a veritable gambling den, for everyone seemed to be
buying stocks on margin as many had bought into the get rich quick scheme
and were buying stocks right and left.
Depression Collapse
• October 1929 - stock market crashes starting a business depression that would be one
of the longest in American and world history
• Over 16 million shares are unloaded in a fire sale
• Banks experienced massive runs on investments - end of 1929 investors lost $40 billion
• Banks and businesses were closing everyday - Over 5,000 banks collapsed in the first
three years causing thousands to lose their life’s savings
• People were being laid off - end of 1930 4 million, by 1932 12 million were jobless Those
who didn’t get fired suffered pay cuts.
• Thousands lost their homes and farms
• Tens of thousands stood in food lines to get whatever they could to survive.
• The irony - the Great Depression was caused not by shortages, but by an
overproduction of both farm and factory…the “great glut”…the “plague of plenty”.
The nation’s ability to produce goods far outran its ability to consume them.
Simultaneously overexpansion of credit through installment-plan buying
overstimulated production. Many buying on credit overspent well beyond their ability
to repay.
Turning Points – 1929 Crash & Depression
• Changed the way we invest and with whom we invest
• Made America create financial safety nets such as the FDIC
and Social Security
• Created a more activist and spendthrift government
• Created a society more dependent on government for relief
and economic stimulation
• Shifted voting blocks from Republican to Democratic
Depression & New Deal
• Roosevelt immediately called Congress into special session – “The Hundred
Days Congress”; and they created Roosevelt’s “New Deal”.
• Roosevelt’s three “R’s” for saving the nation were: relief, recover, reform
• Roosevelt used the radio and “fireside chats” to promote his “New Deal”.
• Roosevelt accomplished the goal of creating an inflationary dollar by taking us
off the gold standard.
• Unemployment had reached 25% by 1932.
• The new Democratic voting block in 1936 was blacks, immigrants, Catholics,
Jews, and the urban poor.
• Al Smith commented that people weren’t going to vote to stop all the generous
government programs. These people were called “reliefers”. He said, “You
don’t shoot Santa Claus”
Depression & New Deal
• Roosevelt’s New Deal did not make much of a dent in unemployment, as in
1936 it was still at 15%, down from 1932’s 25%.
• In 1937 the Economy took another downturn due to government spending
and payroll deductions.
• To deal with the ‘37 downturn Roosevelt turned to John Maynard Keynes in
1937 and his government deficit spending Keynesian economics.
• Failures and concerns Americans had about the New Deal were that it created:
“big” government, enormous national debt, American over dependence on
government handouts, businesses being stifled by “planned economy”,
“planned bankruptcy”, “creeping Socialism”, and the philosophy that
“Washington can do it better”.
• The New Deal did not get us out of the depression, for it was WWII with its
high level of production and consumption.
Notable Events – Dust Bowl
• Great Plains region devastated by drought in 1930s depression-ridden America
• The 150,000-square-mile area, encompassing the Oklahoma and Texas panhandles and
neighboring sections of Kansas, Colorado, and New Mexico, had little rainfall, light soil,
and high winds, a potentially destructive combination.
• When drought struck from 1934 to 1937, the soil lacked the stronger root system of
grass as an anchor, so the winds easily picked up the loose topsoil and swirled it into
dense dust clouds, called “black blizzards.”
• Recurrent dust storms wreaked havoc, choking cattle and pasture lands and driving 60
percent of the population from the region.
• Most of these “exodusters” went to other agricultural areas such as California
• By 1941 much of the land was rehabilitated
• The region repeated its mistakes during World War II as farmers again plowed up
grassland to plant wheat when grain prices rose. Drought threatened another disaster
in the 1950s, prompting Congress to subsidize farmers in restoring millions of acres of
wheat back to grassland.
Turning Points - WWII
• New war weapons and technologies changed the world – atom bomb,
aircraft carrier, fighter jet
• Changed the U.S. from massive isolationism to massive internationalism
• Created a United Nations that is viable and active
• Created a Cold War between the USA and the USSR
• Divided the world into three camps: Communists, Democracies, and
Third World nations
• Launched us into the nuclear age
• Lunched us into an era of unrivaled growth and prosperity as the
depression was destroyed
• Left us as THE world military and economic power
• Opened up more opportunities for women outside the home
WWII
• Why America got into it – 1) German U-boat attacks on American merchant
marine vessels in the Atlantic, 2) German overtaking everyone BUT Britain by
1940, 3) Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.
• Roosevelt’s viewpoint about the war:
• Tried to get America into the war early but America was anti-war and pro
isolationist.
• Tried different ways to help Britain like “cash and carry” and “lend-lease”.
• Gave the 1937 “Quarantine Speech” in Chicago
• Focused all industry and manpower on the war effort once we got into it.
• Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin met and collaborated effectively during the war.
• Roosevelt made the decision to create an atomic weapon, but only included the
British, excluding the Soviets for fear of a nuclear armed Communist regime.
• Truman’s war effort was simply following in Roosevelt’s steps, but he made the
tough decision to drop the Atomic bombs on Japan to end the war.
WWII - Holocaust
• Why?
• Blamed the Jews for the economic ruin of Germany in the 1930’s
• He believed the white Aryan race to be superior
• How?
• First, he tired by forced emigration, but few countries in the world would take the
Jews.
• Next, by mass shootings, but this was too slow and wasted bullets.
• Then by beatings & starvation as they withered away in the concentration camps.
• Finally, he got the idea of the terrible gas chambers to finally annihilate the hated
Jews.
• The concentration camps such as Dachau were not discovered by the Allies
until they approached Berlin in 1945.
• Six million Jews were murdered in the Holocaust; curiously, the same amount
of Germans were lost in the war.
WWII – Internment Camps
• Executive Order 9066
• Used to place Germans, Italians, and Japanese in America into internment
camps during WWII
• In order to secure Americans from espionage
• Over 100,000 Japanese on the west coast were removed them from their
American homes and placed them into the internment camps to guard against
any of these carrying out espionage for their “homeland”.
• Later they were released, and decades later they were given a settlement and
an apology.
• However, the scar was there in the hearts of the Japanese and the black-eye is
there for the American government as the incident is recorded in our history
books for all to read about.
WWII - Generals/Admirals
• Omar Bradley –
• Ordered to North Africa to troubleshoot problems with American troops
• Recommended that Patton be given command of the US II Corps. This was done and the
authoritarian commander soon restored the unit's discipline.
• Became Patton's deputy, then ascended to command of II Corps in April 1943
• In the North African Campaign he ably led the corps and restored its confidence.
• As part of Patton's Seventh Army, II Corps spearheaded the attack on Sicily in July 1943.
• Dwight D. Eisenhower –
• In 1942, he became commander-in-chief of the Allied Forces and led Operation Torch, the
Allied invasion of North Africa.
• On D-Day, June 6, 1944, Eisenhower commanded the Allied forces in Normandy
• December, 1944 he was promoted to five-star rank.
• Was made military governor of the U.S. Occupied Zone in 1945 after Germany’s surrender
• Eisenhower then returned home to Abilene, TX and received a hero's welcome. A few
months later, he was appointed U.S. Army chief of staff.
WWII - Generals/Admirals
• Douglas MacArthur –
• Graduated from West Point in 1903
• Fought in World War I
• In World War II was the commander of Allied forces in the Pacific.
• Chester A. Nimitz –
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Served in WWI as chief of staff to the commander of the U.S. Atlantic submarine force.
In 1939, he was appointed chief of the Bureau of Navigation of the U.S. Navy.
After attack on Pearl Harbor, was elevated to commander in chief of the Pacific Fleet.
In 1944, he was promoted to fleet admiral.
After WWII, he served as chief of naval operation.
• George Patton –
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Considered one of the most successful combat generals in U.S history,
First officer assigned to the Tank Corps in WWI.
During WWII, he helped lead the Allies to victory in the invasion of Sicily,
Instrumental to the liberation of Germany from the Nazis.
Notable Events – The Great Migration
The Great Migration was the movement of approximately seven million Black
people out of the Southern United States to the North, Midwest and Western
states from 1916 to 1970. Blacks migrated to escape widespread racism in the
South, to seek employment opportunities in industrial cities of the North, to
get better education for their children, and to pursue what was widely
perceived to be a more prosperous life.
Some historians differentiate between the Great Migration from 1910 to
1940, numbering roughly two million migrants, and the Second Great
Migration, from 1940 to 1970. Not only was the Second Migration larger, with
five million or more people relocating, but the demographic differed, and
migrants moved to different destination. During the Second Great Migration
many moved from Texas and Louisiana to California, where there was a new
range of jobs in the defense industry.