Transcript Georgia and the American Experience

Georgia
and the American
Experience
Chapter 11:
Flappers, Depression,
and the Global War
Section 1: The Roaring
Twenties
■ ESSENTIAL QUESTION:
-Why was it called the “roaring”
20s?
Temperance Movement
■ Reading questions pg 339-340
– What is a temperance movement?
– What is the difference between a “wet” and “dry” county?
– How were businesses impacted by the temperance
movement and how did they respond?
– How were people able to work around prohibition laws?
Temperance Movement
■ WCTU: Women’s Christian Temperance Movement – wanted
to end production and use of alcoholic beverages
■ Carrie Nation – famous for raiding saloons with a hatchet and
making speeches against alcohol
■ Progressives in Georgia restricted alcohol sales near schools
and churches, and allowed counties to vote to be “wet” or “dry”
■ 1919: 18th Amendment banned
manufacture, sale, transport of alcoholic
beverages in USA
Women’s Suffrage
https://www.youtube.com/wa
tch?v=Gvu3krcs8ec
■ Suffrage: the right to vote
■ Seneca Falls, NY – famous meeting of
suffragettes
■ 1920: 19th Amendment gives women
the right to vote –
Georgia did not ratify the
amendment
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The New Woman
■ 1920 – 19th Amendment gave women the right to vote
■ More women in the workforce
■ Flappers: name given to women who took on the new fashion –
known for short hair, make-up, dancing, drinking
■ First women in Georgia legislature: Bessie Kempton Crowell &
Viola Ross Napier
■ Rebecca Latimer Felton first woman in U.S. Senate
Music
To live in the 1920s
■ Speakeasies: clubs known for having
liquor (which was illegal)
■ Jazz: became popular music – Louis
Armstrong & Duke Ellington
■ Cotton Club in Harlem NY most famous
jazz club
■ Blues: based on black folk music – Ma
Rainey & Bessie Smith
■ The Charleston was the popular dance
Crime
Al Capone's Hangout
■ Prohibition: laws made sale and
distribution of alcohol illegal
■ Gangsters supplied liquor to
speakeasies and clubs
■ Famous gangsters from New York
and Chicago: Al Capone; Baby Face
Nelson
■ Al Capone: “Public Enemy No. 1”
Technology
■ Life in US after World War I was good
■ More modern conveniences freed
women from household chores
■ Electricity became more available
■ Other inventions included gas stoves,
toasters, sliced bread, baby food
■ Radio: WSB started in Atlanta
■ 1927: first talking motion picture
■ Walt Disney creates Mickey Mouse
Farming
■ Boll weevil: insect which ate Georgia’s most important
cash crop
■ Price of cotton also dropped
■ 1924: major drought (period with little or no rain) hit
Georgia
■ Georgia farmers did not have the “good life” that many
Americans enjoyed
■ Farms closed forcing banks
and farm-related business to close
ZIKA
Boll Weevil
The Great Migration
■ Many tenant farmers left Georgia to work in northern factories
■ Chicago and Detroit were popular destinations
■ Many African Americans moved north for better pay, education,
and more citizenship rights such as voting
■ Young men sent north first to get jobs; sent for the family when
they had saved enough money
The Klan Strengthens
■ Targeted African Americans, Jews, Catholics, and immigrants
■ Number of members increased in every state
■ 1925: Klan march on Washington with 40,000 members
■ Declining membership by the end of the decade as members
were linked to racial terrorism
Section 2:
The Great Depression
■ ESSENTIAL QUESTION
– How did the Great Depression
affect Georgians?
The Bottom Drops Out
How the stock market works
■ Stock Market: Place where shares of ownership in corporations
(stock) are bought and sold
■ “Black Tuesday” – October 29, 1929: Stock market prices fall
greatly; millions of people lose all their wealth
■ Total losses by end of year: $40 billion
■ Example: U.S. Steel was $262 per share – dropped to $22 per
share
■ Some stocks worth less than 1¢
The Bottom Drops Out
Causes of the Depression
■ Many people had borrowed too much money
■ Factories produced more goods than they could sell
■ As people and businesses had problems making money,
banks did not get paid for loans
■ “Speculation” in the stock market: paying only a portion
of the price of a stock hoping that the value will go up
■ Runs on banks: people were afraid they would lose their
money if it was left in the bank
■ laissez-faire: attitude that the economy would fix itself if
left alone
Living Through the Depression
■ 1932: 13 million unemployed
■ 9,000 banks closed
■ 31 Georgia banks failed
■ Hooverville: named for President Hoover – shacks where
homeless people gathered
Hooverville
■ Soup kitchens set up by charities and governments to feed
hungry
■ Schools were often forced to close or shorten schedules
■ Georgians were already suffering from economic problems
before Black Tuesday
Living Through the Depression
Living Through the Depression
Living Through the Depression
Living Through the Depression
Living Through the Depression
Easing the Burden
■ President Hoover’s plan: government
would buy farmer’s crops to help
raise the price
■ Plan did not work, but the food and
cotton were used to help the needy
■ Another plan was to hire unemployed
people to do work for the government
■ Plan did not employ enough people
to really help
Who is going to come in to
give some relief?
This guy!!!
Section 3:
The New Deal
■ ESSENTIAL QUESTION
– How did Georgians benefit from the New Deal?
Section 3:
The New Deal
■ What people do I need to know?
– Franklin D. Roosevelt
– Richard B. Russell
– Ellis Arnall
– Eugene Talmadge
– Eurith “Ed” Rivers
The New Deal
■ 1932: Franklin D. Roosevelt elected president
■ New Deal: Roosevelt’s plan to end the depression
– Examined banks for soundness
– Give jobs to unemployed workers
– Tried to improve Americans’ lives
■ Paved the way for recovery though all programs did not work
The New Deal
■ African Americans did not benefit from many New Deal programs
■ WPA: Works Public Administration – did employ many African
Americans
■ Roosevelt’s “Black Cabinet”: influential African Americans working
with President Roosevelt:
– Mary McLeod Bethune
– Clark Foreman
– Robert Weaver
– William Hastie
New Deal Programs
■ Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)—1933
– Built dams on the Tennessee River to control flooding and
generate electricity
■ Public Works Administration (PWA)—1933
– Put people to work building roads, buildings, and other public
works projects
■ Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)—1933
– Insured individual savings accounts so that people did not lose
their money if banks failed or closed their doors.
■ Federal Housing Administration (FHA)—1934
– Insured home loans for low-income families
■ Works Progress Administration (WPA)—1935
– Employed out-of-work Americans to repair roads, build or repair
bridges, paint murals, write guidebooks, put on plays and musical
performances, and create statues in parks.
Georgia and the New Deal
Great Depression & New Deal
■ CCC: Civilian Conservation Corps – built many
parks, sewer systems, bridges, etc.
■ AAA: Agricultural Adjustment Act- paid farmers
NOT to grow certain crops
■ REA: Rural Electrification Authority – brought
electric power to rural areas
■ SSA: Social Security Administration- created a
system for retirement and unemployment
insurance
Georgia’s New Deal
Governors
■ Richard B. Russell
– Worked to reorganize state government like a successful
business (balanced budget without pay cuts-except for his
own)
– Elected to U.S. Senate and served for 38 years
■ Eugene Talmadge
– Did not like New Deal programs in Georgia
– Often worked hard to gain support from rural communities
– White supremacist who didn’t like federal gov’t intervention
■ Eurith “Ed” Rivers
– Worked with Roosevelt to increase New Deal spending in
Georgia
– Began programs for public housing
– Term ended with corruption problems
Georgia’s New Deal
Governors
■ Talmadge re-elected in 1940
– Began to use some New Deal programs
– Used his power as governor to remove state
officials working to integrate Georgia’s state
colleges
■ Ellis Arnall
– Defeated Talmadge and was the 1st governor to
serve 4 years
– Reformed Board of Regents &
state prisons
– Removed poll tax
– New state constitution
– Lead GA to become the 1st state to allow
18 years the right to vote
Section 4: World War II
■ ESSENTIAL QUESTION
–
How did World War II affect Georgians?
Section 4: World War II
■ What words do I need to know?
– isolationism
– dictator
– appeasement
– World War II
– Holocaust
– ration
– G.I. Bill
Increasing Tensions
■ Dictator: individual who ruled a country through military
strength
Country
Leader
Quick Facts
Japan
Emporer
Hirohito
Attacked China seeking raw
materials
Italy
Mussolini
Attacked Ethiopia and Albania
Germany
Adolf Hitler
Soviet
Union
Josef Stalin
Nazi leader; began rebuilding
military forces, persecuting Jews,
and silencing opponents
Built up industry and military, forced
peasants into collective farms,
eliminated opponents
The War Begins
■ 1938: Hitler’s Germany attacks France to “take back” land lost in
WWI (Rhineland)
■ Sent troops to take over Austria, Czechoslovakia, and Poland
■ Great Britain and France declared war
■ Soviet Union invaded nearby countries and agreed to split Poland
with Germany
■ By 1940, Hitler controlled Denmark, Norway, Holland, Belgium,
Luxembourg and a large part of France and began bombing Great
Britain
A Neutral United States
■ Most Americans did not want to get involved in the war, but
Roosevelt wanted to help Britain
■ First EVER peacetime draft in American history-September 1940
■ Hitler turned on Stalin in 1941 and invaded the Soviet Union
■ Lend-lease: policy to lend or lease (rent) weapons to Great Britain
and the Soviet Union
■ American ships began escorting British ships in convoys
"A Day that Will Live in
Infamy"
■ President Roosevelt stopped exports to Japan
to protest its expansion into other countries
■ Exports of oil, airplanes, aviation gasoline and
metals were stopped
■ The Japanese attacked the U.S. Navy fleet at
Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on Dec. 7, 1941
■ Japan hoped to destroy the fleet giving them
control of the Pacific Ocean
■ The USA declared war on Japan
■ Allied Powers: USA, Great Britain, Soviet Union
■ Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, Japan
American Military Forces
■ Millions of Americans enlisted after the attack on Pearl Harbor
■ 330,000 women joined – could not serve in combat roles
■ Segregation in the military kept African American and white service
men in different units
■ Tuskegee Airmen: famous African American flyers of the Army Air
Force
The War in Europe
■ 1942-1943: British and American troops won
control of Africa
■ 1943: Mussolini overthrown and Italy joined the
Allies
■ American general Dwight D. Eisenhower
coordinated plan to recapture Europe
■ D-Day: June 6, 1944 – Allied forces land in
northern France
■ Early 1945: Germans pushed out of France
■ April 1945: Soviet and American troops meet
and Germany surrenders – Hitler commits
suicide
Georgia Loses a Friend
■ President Roosevelt visited Georgia often at his “Little White House”
in Warm Springs
■ His polio symptoms were eased in the mineral springs
■ April 24, 1945: President Roosevelt died at Warm Springs
■ Millions of Georgians and Americans mourned
■ Vice President Harry Truman became president
The War in the Pacific
■ 1942: Japan expanded its territory throughout
the Asian Pacific region
■ 1945: Allied forces began to retake Japanese
controlled lands
■ Japan refused to surrender
■ President Truman authorized the use of atomic
bombs to force Japan’s surrender
■ Enola Gay: plane that dropped first atomic bomb
on Hiroshima, Japan
■ Japan surrendered after a second atomic bomb
dropped on Nagasaki
■ Over 50 million people died in the war
The Holocaust
■ The Holocaust: name given to the Nazi plan to kill all Jewish people
■ Auschwitz, Buckenwald, Dachau, Treblinka, Bergen-Belsen
infamous concentration camps where Jews and others were
executed
■ 6 million people killed in the Holocaust
Georgia During World War II
■ 320,000 Georgians joined the armed forces –
over 7,000 killed
■ Military bases were built in the state which
improved the economy
■ Farmers grew needed crops – income tripled for
the average farmer
■ Limits were put on the consumption of goods
such as gasoline, meat, butter, and sugar
(rationing)
■ Students were encouraged to buy war bonds
and defense stamps to pay for the war
■ Victory Garden: small family gardens to make
sure soldiers would have enough food
■ POW (prisoner of war) camps in Georgia at
some military bases
The War’s Effects on Society
■ Everyone was expected to help in the war effort
■ Women began working in jobs to replace men who had gone to war
■ G.I. Bill: law to help returning soldiers adapt to civilian life
– Low cost loans for homes or business
– College education opportunities
■ Women and African Americans did not want to go back to the kind of
life they had before the war
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