Transcript Roaring 20`s, the Great Depression, & WWII

Georgia
and the American Experience
Chapter 11:
Flappers, Depression,
and the Global War
Study Presentation
©2005 Clairmont Press
Georgia
and the American Experience
Section
Section
Section
Section
©2005 Clairmont Press
1:
2:
3:
4:
The Roaring Twenties
The Great Depression
The New Deal
World War II
Section 1: The Roaring
Twenties
• ESSENTIAL QUESTION:
– What made the 1920s ‘roaring’?
Section 1: The Roaring
Twenties
• What words do I need to know?
– jazz
– the blues
– boll weevil
– Great Migration
The Roaring 20’s
• The new concept of
“credit”
• People were buying:
– Automobiles
– Appliances
– Clothes
• Fun times reigned
– Dancing
– Flappers
– Drinking
The New Woman
• 1920 – 19th Amendment gave women the right
to vote
• More women in the workforce
• Flappers: name given to women who took on
the new fashion – known for short hair, makeup, dancing, drinking
• First women in Georgia legislature: Bessie
Kempton Crowell & Viola Ross Napier
• Rebecca Latimer Felton first woman in U.S.
Senate
Music
• Speakeasies: clubs known for having
liquor (which was illegal)
• Jazz: became popular music – Louis
Armstrong & Duke Ellington
• Cotton Club in Harlem NY most famous
jazz club
• Blues: based on black folk music – Ma
Rainey & Bessie Smith
• The Charleston was the popular dance
Crime
• Prohibition: laws made sale and
distribution of alcohol illegal
• Gangsters supplied liquor to
speakeasies and clubs
• Famous gangsters from New York and
Chicago: Al Capone; Baby Face Nelson
• Al Capone: “Public Enemy No. 1”
Life in the Roaring Twenties
• Life in US after World War I was good
• More modern conveniences freed
women from household chores
• Electricity became more available
• Other inventions included gas stoves,
toasters, sliced bread, baby food
• Radio: WSB started in Atlanta
• 1927: first talking motion picture
• Walt Disney creates Mickey Mouse
Summary of the Roaring
Twenties
• Time of much
prosperity
• New inventions,
household appliances,
electricity etc
• Cars became mass
produced,
Lindernbergh solo
flight.
• Time of excessive
credit
• Prohibition or the 18th
amendment causes
gangsta’s paradise
• 19th Amendment gives
woman voting rights
• Woman in the
workplace
A Special Day
• 1927: Charles Lindbergh became first
person to fly nonstop from New York to
Paris
• 3,600 mile trip, 33 ½ hours – traveled
alone
• No navigation or weather instruments
• Won $25,000 prize
• “Spirit of St. Louis” was his plane
Click to return to Table of Contents.
The Klan Strengthens
• Targeted African Americans, Jews,
Catholics, and immigrants
• Number of members increased in every
state
• 1925: Klan march on Washington with
40,000 members
• Declining membership by the end of the
decade as members were linked to
racial terrorism
Farming Problems
in the South
1. Boll Weevil
• Small insect
• long snout
• eats cotton plants.
• Arrived in Georgia in
1920’s from Mexico via Texas.
• Killed the cotton crop created rural
depression.
2.The Fire Ants
• Four species of fire ants
are currently found
within the contiguous
southeastern United
States.
• The tropical fire ant
and the southern fire
ant are considered
species "native" to the
area.
3. Rocky Mountain Locusts
• Largest recorded
locust swarm in
history
• 1874
• 198,000 square miles
– Larger than the
state of California
• 200 million dollars in
crop damage
4. Miracle of the Gulls
• 1848
• Mormon crickets threatened to
wipe out all the crops for the
newly settled Salt Lake area
• Katydids, a grasshopper type
of insect, are common in the
western US but the size of this
particular swarm was larger
than usual
• Luckily the settlers were
rescued by a flock of seagulls.
5. Army Worms
• Larval moths
• Eat leafy vegetation
• Bore holes through
the center of cabbage
and lettuce heads, and
render whole head
useless
• Army cutworms
(lower) generally eat
cereal grains
The Destruction of King Cotton
• Boll weevil: insect which ate Georgia’s
most important cash crop. Ate the cotton
buds .
• Price of cotton also dropped world wide
• 1924: major drought (period with little or
no rain) hit Georgia
• Georgia farmers did not have the “good
life” that many Americans enjoyed
• Farms closed forcing banks and farmrelated business to close
A drought in the South lead to
dust storms that destroyed crops.
“The Dust Bowl”
The South Was Buried
• Crops turned to dust=No food to
be sent out
• Homes buried
• Fields blown away
• South in state of emergency
• Dust Bowl the #1 weather crisis
of the 20th century
A Farm Foreclosure
African American Response to the
Economic Decline in the South
The Great Migration 1
• I'm tired of being Jim Crowed,
gonna leave this Jim Crow
town,
• Doggone my black soul, I'm
sweet Chicago bound,
• Yes, Sir, I'm leavin' here, from
this ole Jim Crow town.
• I'm going up North, where they
think money grows on trees,
• I don't give a doggone, if ma
black soul should freeze
Push and Pull Factors
PUSH FACTORS
Jim Crow laws
Decline of farming –drought and Boll weevil
WW1 –jobs in the north
WWII more jobs in the north
Pull Factors
PULL FACTORS
Jobs-recruiting by northern states
Letters from earlier migrants about making money
Freedom
Education for children
Life in the North- Negatives
1.
2.
3.
4.
Competition for work- White vs Black
Labor unrest- union vs non union workers
292 race riots
house shortage and the creation of ghettos
Life in the North- Positives
1.
Rise of the Black middle class
2.
Rise of Black political power- Oscar De priest first
congressman
3.
Rise of Black service groups NAACP
4.
Rise of Black nationalism –Marcus Garvey
5.
Black teachers tripled. Literacy rate from 35% to 85 %
6.
Black owned business tripled
Impact of the Great Migration
City
Number
Percent Increase
Chicago
109, 458
148.2
Cincinnati 30,079
53.2
Cleveland 34,451
307.8
Detroit
40,838
611.3
Indianapolis 34,678
59.0
Kansas City 45,124
37.4
New York 152,467
66.3
Philadelphia 134,229
58.9
Pittsburgh 37,725
47.2
St. Louis
69,854
58.9
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census. Scott Nearing, Black
America. New
Section 2:
The Great Depression
• ESSENTIAL QUESTION
–How did the Great Depression
affect Georgians?
Section 2:
The Great Depression
• What words do I need to know?
– stock market
– Great Depression
– laissez-faire
– relief
The Bottom Drops Out
• Stock Market: Place where shares of
ownership in corporations (stock) are bought
and sold
• “Black Tuesday” – October 29, 1929: Stock
market prices fall greatly; millions of people
loose all their wealth
• Total losses by end of year: $40 billion
• Example: U.S. Steel was $262 per share –
dropped to $22 per share
• Some stocks worth less than 1¢
1929-1939
• Stock market
crash
• Didn’t realize
the effect it
would have
• No money to
replenish what
was borrowed
Many found being broke
humiliating.
Why was this bad?
• Credit system
– People didn’t really have
the money they were
spending
• WWI
– The U.S. was a major
credit loaner to other
nations in need
– Many of these nations
could not pay us back
The Stock Market
• People bought stocks
on margins
– If a stock is $100 you
can pay $10 now and
the rest later when the
stock rose
• Stocks fall
– Now the person has
less than $100 and no
money to pay back
And then….
• With people panicking
about their money
investors tried to sell
their stocks
– This leads to a huge decline
in stocks
– Stocks were worthless now
• People who bought on
“margins” now could not
pay
• Investors were average
people that were now broke
Stock Market Crash-beginning of
the end
• Stocks were bought on marginal rates meaning that if you
bought a $10 000stock you need only pay $1000 the rest
was credit you owed the broker.
• When the stock increased in value it will be sold and the
money was returned with a profit
• But if the stock decreased in value you still had to pay the
money owed and that is where people got into trouble.
• Banks took depositors money and invested in the Market
and on Black Tuesday, October 29, 1929 the market
collapsed the banks lost all their money and was forced to
close down unable to pay their depositors. This was the
start of the Great Depression.
Causes of the Depression
• Many people had borrowed too much money
• Factories produced more goods than they could
sell
• As people and businesses had problems making
money, banks did not get paid for loans
• “Speculation” in the stock market: paying only a
portion of the price of a stock hoping that the value
will go up
• Runs on banks: people were afraid they would
lose their money if it was left in the bank
• laissez-faire: attitude that the economy would fix
itself if left alone
’chicken in
every pot”
• Herbert Hoover was
president at the start
• Philosophy: We’ll
make it!
• What He Did: Nothing
• Great Depression was a
temporary struggle, ask
for charity and
voluntarism
President Herbert Hoover –
• Supported Laissez Faire government- no
government involvement in direct aid to the people
• Hoover’s Three Biggest Mistakes-Poor political
decisions such as
• Signing the Smoot-Hawley Tariff-
lead to a
tariff war with Europe – 70% drop in US exports
• Revenue Act of 1932-increase taxes for the rich
and
companies made less profits fired workers
• Balancing the budget-Cut spending (ex. veteran’s benefits)
• Loans to banks and big business to help
out the economy –failed trickle down economics
Many waited in unemployment
lines hoping for a job.
People in cities would wait in line for
bread to bring to their family.
Some families were forced to relocate
because they had no money.
“Hooverville”
• Some families were
forced to live in
shanty towns
– A grouping of shacks
and tents in vacant
lots
• They were referred to
as “Hooverville”
because of President
Hoover’s lack of help
during the depression.
Living Through the Depression
•
•
•
•
1932: 13 million unemployed
9,000 banks closed
31 Georgia banks failed
Hoovervilles: named for President Hoover –
shacks where homeless people gathered
• Soup kitchens set up by charities and
governments to feed hungry
• Schools were often forced to close or shorten
schedules
• Georgians were already suffering from economic
problems before Black Tuesday
Easing the Burden
• President Hoover’s plan: government would
buy farmer’s crops to help raise the price
• Plan did not work, but the food and cotton
were used to help the needy
• Another plan was to hire unemployed
people to do work for the government
• Plan did not employ enough people to really
help
Click to return to Table of Contents.
Two Families During
the Depression
Some families tried to make money by
selling useful crafts like baskets.
Section 3:
The New Deal
• ESSENTIAL QUESTION
– How did Georgians benefit from the New
Deal?
Section 3:
The New Deal
• What words do I need to know?
– New Deal
– minimum wage
– stretch out
– collective bargaining
– rural electrification
– subsidy
– integrate
Section 3:
The New Deal
• What people do I need to know?
– Franklin D. Roosevelt
– Richard B. Russell
– Ellis Arnall
– Eugene Talmadge
• People everywhere were
effected by the depression
• It wasn’t till President
Roosevelt took over and tried
to put the economy back
together that people even saw
a glimmer of hope
*FDR*
• When he was
inaugurated
unemployment had
increased by 7
million.
• Poor sections (like
Harlem) had 50% of
the pop. unemployed
• Instated the “New
Deal”
• Yea! Frankie!
The New Deal
• 1932: Franklin D. Roosevelt elected
president
• New Deal: Roosevelt’s plan to end the
depression
– Examined banks for soundness
– Give jobs to unemployed workers
– Tried to improve American’s lives
• Paved the way for recovery though all
programs did not work
Georgia and the New Deal
• NIRA: National Industrial Recovery Act – set
minimum wage
• Textile mill owners did not like the minimum
wage
• Stretch out: mill owners tried to make workers
work longer, faster, or more tasks
• TVA: Tennessee Valley Authority – Blue Ridge
Lake, Lake Chatuge, Lake Nottley built
• CCC: Civilian Conservation Corps – built many
parks, sewer systems, bridges, etc.
• REA: Rural Electrification Authority – brought
electric power to rural areas
African Americans During
the New Deal
• Did not benefit from many New Deal
programs
• WPA: Works Public Administration – did
employ many African Americans
• Roosevelt’s “Black Cabinet”: influential
African Americans working with President
Roosevelt:
– Mary McLeod Bethune
– Clark Foreman
– Robert Weaver
– William Hastie
Georgia’s New Deal
Governors
• Richard B. Russell
– Worked to reorganize state government like a successful
business
– Elected to U.S. Senate and served for 38 years
• Eugene Talmadge
– Did not like New Deal programs in Georgia
• Eurith “Ed” Rivers
– Worked with Roosevelt to increase New Deal spending in
Georgia
– Began programs for public housing
– Term ended with corruption problems
Georgia’s New Deal
Governors
• Talmadge re-elected in 1940
– Began to use some New Deal programs
– Used his power as governor to remove state
officials working to integrate Georgia’s state
colleges
• Ellis Arnall gave
• 18 year olds the right to vote
– Reformed Board of Regents and state prisons
– Removed poll tax
Click to return to Table of Contents.
– New state constitution
Section 4: World War II
ESTION
ar II affect Georgians?
Section 4: World War II
• What words do I need to know?
– isolationism
– dictator
– appeasement
– World War II
– Holocaust
– ration
– G.I. Bill
Increasing Tensions
• Dictator: individual who ruled a country through military
strength
Country
Leader
Quick Facts
Japan
Emporer
Hirohito
Attacked China seeking raw
materials
Italy
Mussolini
Attacked Ethiopia and Albania
Germany
Adolf Hitler
Soviet
Union
Josef Stalin
Nazi leader; began rebuilding
military forces, persecuting Jews,
and silencing opponents
Built up industry and military, forced
peasants into collective farms,
eliminated opponents
The War Begins
• 1938: Hitler’s Germany attacks France to
“take back” land lost in WWI (Rhineland)
• Sent troops to take over Austria,
Czechoslovakia, and Poland
• Great Britain and France declared war
• Soviet Union invaded nearby countries
and agreed to split Poland with Germany
• By 1940, Hitler controlled Denmark,
Norway, Holland, Belgium, Luxembourg
and a large part of France and began
bombing Great Britain
A Neutral United States
• Most Americans did not want to get
involved in the war, but Roosevelt wanted
to help Britain
• Hitler turned on Stalin in 1941 and invaded
the Soviet Union
• Lend-lease: policy to lend or lease (rent)
weapons to Great Britain and the Soviet
Union
• American ships began escorting British
ships in convoys
Lend-Lease System
• The Lend-Lease Act was the system by which the
U.S. gave away $50 billion in military aid in
1941-45 (during World War II) so that the Allies
could better fight Germany and Japan.[1]. There
was no repayment required.
• $31 billion went to Britain, $11 billion to the
Soviet Union, $3 billion to France, and $1.6
billion to China.
Lend-Lease to Marshall Plan
• As a war measure, Lend-Lease was terminated by
President Harry S. Truman in September 1945.
Termination was hasty and unexpected and
severely upset the Soviet Union and Britain;
however the U.S. had also started up an entirely
separate program of postwar relief and loans.
• Thus the U.S. loaned France $500 million in 1945
and Britain $3.75 billion at 2% interest, three
years before the Marshall Plan aid started. Truman
ignored Stalin's request for a $6 billion loan.
Georgia Loses a Friend
• President Roosevelt visited Georgia often
at his “Little White House” in Warm
Springs
• His polio symptoms were eased in the
mineral springs
• April 24, 1945: President Roosevelt died at
Warm Springs
• Millions of Georgians and Americans
mourned
• Vice President Harry Truman became
president
“A Day that Will Live in
Infamy”
• President Roosevelt stopped exports to Japan to
protest its expansion into other countries
• Exports of oil, airplanes, aviation gasoline and
metals were stopped
• The Japanese attacked the U.S. Navy fleet at
Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on Dec. 7, 1941
• Japan hoped to destroy the fleet giving them
control of the Pacific Ocean
• The USA declared war on Japan
• Allied Powers: USA, Great Britain, Soviet Union
• Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, Japan
American Military Forces
• Millions of Americans enlisted after the
attack on Pearl Harbor
• 330,000 women joined – could not serve
in combat roles
• Segregation in the military kept African
American and white service men in
different units
• Tuskegee Airmen: famous African
American flyers of the Army Air Force
The War in Europe
• 1942-1943: British and American troops won
control of Africa
• 1943: Mussolini overthrown and Italy joined the
Allies
• American general Dwight D. Eisenhower
coordinated plan to recapture Europe
• D-Day: June 6, 1944 – Allied forces land in
northern France
• Early 1945: Germans pushed out of France
• April 1945: Soviet and American troops meet
and Germany surrenders – Hitler commits
suicide
The War in the Pacific
• 1942: Japan expanded its territory throughout
the Asian Pacific region
• 1945: Allied forces began to retake Japanese
controlled lands
• Japan refused to surrender
• President Truman authorized the use of atomic
bombs to force Japan’s surrender
• Enola Gay: plane that dropped first atomic bomb
on Hiroshima, Japan
• Japan surrendered after a second atomic bomb
dropped on Nagasaki
• Over 50 million people died in the war
Georgia During World War II
• 320,000 Georgians joined the armed forces –
over 7,000 killed
• Military bases were built in the state which
improved the economy
• Farmers grew needed crops – income tripled for
the average farmer
• Limits were put on the consumption of goods
such as gasoline, meat, butter, and sugar
(rationing)
• Students were encouraged to buy war bonds
and defense stamps to pay for the war
• Victory Garden: small family gardens to make
sure soldiers would have enough food
• POW (prisoner of war) camps in Georgia at
some military bases
The War’s Effects on Society
• Everyone was expected to help in the war
effort
• Women began working in jobs to replace
men who had gone to war
• G.I. Bill: law to help returning soldiers
adapt to civilian life
– Low cost loans for homes or business
– College education opportunities
• Women and African Americans did not
want to go back to the kind of life they had
before the war
Click to return to Table of Contents.
The Holocaust
• The Holocaust: name given to the Nazi
plan to kill all Jewish people
• Auschwitz, Buckenwald, Dachau,
Treblinka, Bergen-Belsen infamous
concentration camps where Jews and
others were executed
• 6 million people killed in the Holocaust
The Great Migration
• Many tenant farmers left Georgia to
work in northern factories
• Chicago and Detroit were popular
destinations
• Many African Americans moved north
for better pay, education, and more
citizenship rights such as voting
• Young men sent north first to get jobs;
sent for the family when they had saved
enough money
Click to return to Table of Contents.