Transcript WWII Power Point

World War II
Section 1
The Road to War
Treaty of Versailles and the Effect on
Germany
• Treaty of Versailles was negotiated by Allies
after WWI – little input from Germans
• Had to give back lands taken during WWI
and some more
• Were stripped of colonies
• Had to pay reparations for the damages
they caused in other countries
• Germany’s armed forces were greatly
reduced in size and they were restricted in
the classes of weapons they could possess
Adolf Hitler
• Adolf Hitler and other dictators in the
1920’s and 1930’s took advantage of
those who were angry and suffering by
promising a better life
• Treaty of Versailles angered some
Europeans
• Worldwide Depression
• Dictators – leaders who control people
by force = charm, then horror
What was Mein Kampf?
• Hitler promised to stabilize Germany,
rebuild the economy, & revive the
German Empire that had been shattered
in WWI
• result = huge following of Hitler &
Nazi party (appealed to people who
were miserable - HOPE)
• Hitler's tremendous personal magnetism
swayed the people to his side
• Mein Kampf was the "holy book" of Nazi
goals and ideology - reflected Hitler's
obsessions of extreme nationalism and
racism
• Germans were the superior Aryan
race and non-Aryan races like the
Jews, Slavs, and Gypsies were
inferior or subhuman and were their
enemy
• He felt that Germany should expand
and others should bow to their needs
• Vowed to regain lands taken in
Treaty of Versailles
• Germans needed more
Lebensraum (living space)
• They would get this by
conquering eastern Europe and
Russia
Benito Mussolini
Mussolini brought Fascism to Italy and
forced the Italian King to name
Mussolini the head of the government
– militarism and racism ruled the day.
Mussolini did away with personal
freedoms and the free press failed to
exist. He invaded Ethiopia in 1935.
Germany and the Rise of Nazism
• Hitler led National Socialist Party – a.k.a –
The Nazi Party
• Nationalism – felt German people were
superior to all others
• Jews, no matter the country, were blamed
for Germany’s problems
• Anti-Semitism – hatred of Jews
• Totalitarian State – leaders crushed all
opposition and controlled all aspects of
society
• Felt Germany had a right to expand
THE SWASTIKA
• The text on the card back reads:
• GOOD LUCK EMBLEM
• "The Swastika" is the oldest cross and emblem in the
world. It forms a combination of four "L's" standing
for Luck, Light, Love and Life. It has been found in
ancient Rome, excavations in Grecian cities, on
Buddhist idols, on Chinese coins dated 315 B.C., and
our own Southwest Indians use it as an amulet.
• It is claimed that the Mound Builders and Cliff
Dwellers of Mexico, Central America consider "The
Swastika" a charm to drive away evil and bring good
luck, long life and prosperity to the possessor.
This postcard, copyright 1907 by
E. Phillips, a U.S. card publisher,
speaks for the universally high
regard in which the swastika was
held as a good luck token before
use by the Nazis corrupted its
meaning.
The Rise of Japan – In September 1931, Japan
invaded Manchuria looking to gain control of
valuable minerals.
Joseph Stalin – Communist Dictator of the
Soviet Union
Joseph Stalin was the Communist leader
of the Soviet Union in the late 1920’s.
Stalin used force to obtain obedience
from his people. He executed his rivals
and sent millions of people suspected of
disloyalty to prison labor camps and
even worse, had them put to death.
American Neutrality
Congress passed the Neutrality Acts
between 1935 and 1937 to try to keep us
out of a war. This act banned weapons
sales and loans to countries at war. Many
countries had not repaid their WWI debt
and Congress didn’t want to take on
more debt.
Germany on the Move
Rhineland
German troops moved
into Rhineland in March
1936. This area had been
taken from Germany in
the Treaty of Versailles.
Austria
Sudetenland
German troops moved
Hitler wanted to take over
into Austria for
this part of Czechoslovakia
unification in March
where many German-speaking
1938. Hitler wanted to people lived. He lied and said
unify the country of his German-speaking people were
birth with Germany
being mistreated.
Munich Conference
• Britain and France wanted to avoid
war and gave into Germany’s
demands, this is known as
appeasement.
• At the Munich Conference, Britain
and France agreed to give the
Sudentenland to Germany and take
it from Czechoslovakia.
• If they chose not to give up the
Sudentenland, they would have to
fight Germany on their own!
• Hitler promised to not further
expand German territory.
German Non-Aggressive
Pact – August 1939
• Hitler wanted to invade Poland, but was
worried he would anger Joseph Stalin.
• Poland bordered the Soviet Union.
• Hitler and Stalin despised each other
and were bitter enemies.
• Hitler and Stalin signed the German NonAggressive Pact that allowed Germany to
invade Poland without Soviet
intervention. Germany invaded Poland
on September 1, 1939.
• The pact would allow Germany to invade
Poland and allow the Soviet Union part
of Poland and the Baltic States.
• The Pact was broken on June 22, 1941,
when Germany invaded the Soviet
Union.
Section 2
War Begins
WWII Begins – Germany Invades Poland
• On September 1, 1939, Hitler
sent his troops into Poland.
• Two days later, Britain and
France declared war on
Germany.
• German forces attacked Poland
swiftly and fiercely with
targeted attacks.
• This type of attack was called a
Blitzkrieg or “lightning war.”
• Soviet troops came from the east
and occupied eastern Poland
according to terms of the
German Non-Aggressive Pact
Allied Powers and Dunkirk
When Belgium fell to the Germans,
the Allied Powers – France and
Great Britain were trapped in
Dunkirk, France.
The Allied troops were trapped in
Dunkirk. 800 British ships evacuated
more than 300,000 Allied troops to
safety.
Axis Powers
• The Axis Powers during
WWII in Europe were
Germany and Italy.
• Japan was also part of the
Axis and were waging war
in the Pacific.
• Germany marched into
Paris, France on June 14,
1940 and France
surrendered 1 week later.
Germany attacks Great Britain
• In August, 1940, Germany began
bombarding Great Britain’s air
bases, shipyards and industries.
• Germany bombed London and
destroyed entire areas of the city.
• Prime Minister, Winston Churchill,
was steadfast in his
determination that the British
would never surrender.
• Finally, in October 1940, Germany
turned back east because they
could not defeat the British.
Germany invades the Soviet Union – June 1941
• Hitler decided to invade the Soviet
Union for their resources and for
“living space” for the Germans.
• The German forces destroyed
planes and tanks and capture
500,000 Soviet troops.
• Joseph Stalin ordered a scorched-earth
policy. The Soviets burned their own
cities, destroyed crops and blew up dams
that provided electric power.
• These actions made it harder for the
Germans to supply their troops and keep
advancing.
• The U.S. watched the war with concern.
• Some Americans were Isolationists – did not want
America involved in foreign conflicts – this group was
called the America First Committee
• President Franklin Roosevelt strengthened the Navy with
Congressional approval.
• In 1939, a new Neutrality Act was passed. Warring
nations could buy US goods if they paid cash and carried
them on their ships.
• In 1941, the Selective Training and Service Act was
passed and it applied to US men ages 21-35.
• Franklin Roosevelt ran for a 3rd term as President and
won easily in 1940.
• Congress passed the Lend-Lease Act in March 1941, this
law allowed the US to sell, lend, or lease weapons to
other countries “vital to the defense of the United
States.” Great Britain used the Lend-Lease act first.
America and
the War
The Atlantic Charter
• In August 1941, Roosevelt and
Churchill met and drew up the
Atlantic Charter. Roosevelt made no
military promises, but he joined
Churchill in setting goals for the
world after WWII.
• The two nations pledged that people
would be free to choose their own
form of government and live free of
“fear and want.”
• They urged disarmament – giving up
military weapons.
The Japanese Threat
• The Japanese had seized much of
China in the 1930’s.
• When France fell, the Chinese
seized French-ruled Indochina in
SE Asia.
• Japan also aimed to take control
of the Dutch East Indies, British
Malaysia and the Philippines – an
American territory because they
needed rubber and oil.
US responds to Japanese Threat
• The US applied economic pressure to Japan by freezing
all Japanese money held in US banks.
• The US stopped the sale of oil, gasoline and other
resources that Japan lacked and this action angered the
Japanese.
• In October 1941, Japanese prime minister, Fumimaro
Konoye was forced to resign because he wanted to hold
talks with the US. He did not feel that Japan could
defeat the US in a war.
• The new leader, General Hideki Tojo, did not share
Konoye’s views and he began to plan an attack on the
United States.
The Attack on Pearl Harbor – December 7, 1941
• Pearl Harbor was attacked at 7:55
AM on December 7, 1941.
• Ships were anchored in neat rows
and planes were grouped together
on the airfield – which made for
easy targets.
• More than 2,300 soldiers, sailors
and civilians were killed.
• The navy’s three aircraft carriers
were out to sea and were not hit.
• The attack was a complete
surprise.
• “… a date that will live in infamy.”
• On December 8, 1941, President
Roosevelt asked Congress to declare war
on Japan.
• On December 11, 1941, Germany and
Italy – Japan’s allies – declared war on
the United States. Congress then
declared war on them.
• Allied Powers – Great Britain, US, France,
China and the Soviet Union
• Axis Powers – Germany, Italy and Japan
Section 3
On the Home Front
Building An Army
• The Selective Service Acts of 1940-1941
helped to raise an army.
• During WWII, more than 15 million Americans
joined the armed forces.
• New draftees were given physical exams and
shots to protect against smallpox and typhoid.
• The draftees were given uniforms, boots and
equipment and the clothing had the “G.I.”
label and this meant “Government Issue.”
• American soldiers then became known as GI’s
and there was even a doll named G.I. Joe
WACs and WAVES – Women in the military
WACs – Women’s Army Corps
Did not fight in combat, but
were important in keeping
records of the war.
WAVES – Women Appointed for
Volunteer Emergency Service – Did
not see combat, but worked as nurses
and were important to the war effort
• From 1941, the US spent $320
billion on the war – 10 times the
amount spent on WWI.
• The Revenue Act of 1942, allowed
the government to raise taxes to
pay for the war. Corporate taxes
were raised and most Americans had
to pay income taxes.
• Congress instituted a program to
take taxes out of paychecks, this
still happens today.
• The government borrowed money to
finance the war. War bonds were
sold and movie stars and celebrities
encouraged people to buy bonds.
Financing the War
Wartime America – Making Sacrifices
• Those who remained at home had
to provide food and shelter for
those in uniform.
• Many families had loved ones that
served overseas and many were
always worried about getting
news of a family member being
killed or wounded.
• There were shortages of
consumer goods and many items
were rationed and consumers
could only buy a limited amount
of gasoline, tires, sugar and
meat.
Wartime America – Helping the War Effort
• Many people planted “victory gardens” to
grow vegetables that were in short supply.
• Many children collected scrap metal for
industry.
• Many people joined “civil defense” to help
in the case of attack.
• People volunteered to be “spotters”, they
would scan the skies for enemy aircraft.
• Coastal cities enforced blackouts at night
so that lights could not serve as beacons
for enemy pilots.
Women Join the War Effort
• When millions of men went off to war, the women
entered the workforce in jobs that had belonged to
the men.
• An advertising campaign featured Rosie the Riveter
and she was meant to encourage women to take
factory jobs.
• For many women, this was their first opportunity to
work outside the home.
• The women were often paid less than men for doing
the same job (this still happens today.)
• When the war ended, the women lost their jobs
when the men came home, but the attitude towards
women working was beginning to change.
African Americans
332nd
Tuskegee Airmen –
Fighter
Group – a group of pilots that
protected the heavy bombers. They
shot down more than 200 enemy
planes and didn’t lose one of their
own aircraft.
Civilian Life – African Americans
worked in factories and demanded
to be treated equally while
employed at government factories.
Benjamin Davis Sr. and Jr.
Benjamin Davis, Jr. was the first
Benjamin Davis, Sr. was the first African
African American general in the U.S. Air
American general in the U.S. Army
Force
Native Americans – Code Talkers
The Japanese had broken all of the US
specials codes, except for one, the
Navajo language.
There were 400-500 Navajo code
talkers that helped the Marines to win
the Battle of Iwo Jima.
Latinos – Bracero Program
• More than 250,000 Hispanics served during
WWII.
• Mercedes Cubria of Cuba was the first Latina
woman in the WACs.
• The government recruited farm and railroad
workers to serve come from Mexico to the U.S
to fill a labor void. This increased the
immigration from Mexico to the United States.
• Like African Americans, Hispanics suffered
from discrimination during the war.
Japanese American Internment
• After the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor,
they were feared and hated by many
Americans.
• 2/3 of Japanese Americans were Nisei –
American citizens born in the United States.
• Military and Political leaders were worried
about the loyalty of Japanese Americans if
the Japanese invaded the US.
• President Roosevelt ordered that 100,000
Japanese Americans who lived on the West
Coast be relocated to detention centers.
Japanese American Internment
• The interment camps were located in desert
areas and were crowded, uncomfortable and
conditions were harsh.
• They were given only days notice of having to
leave their home and businesses behind and
had to leave most all of their possessions.
• Most had to stay in internment camps for 3
years.
• In 1944 in Korematsu vs. United States, the
Supreme Court upheld the order to relocate
Japanese Americans.
• In 1988, the US acknowledged their error and
paid each survivor $20,000 for their suffering.
Section 4
War in Europe and Africa
North African Campaign
On January 1, 1942, the US joined
Britain, the Soviet Union and 23
other Allied nations to defeat Hitler
The war in Europe was desperate and
we needed to stop Hitler’s advance
before going after the Japanese.
The Struggle for North Africa
• The German general in North Africa was
Erwin Rommel, he was known as the
“desert fox” because of his success in
desert warfare.
• In November 1942, British forces defeated
Rommel at the Battle of El Alamein and
prevented the Germans from gaining
control of the Suez Canal.
• General Dwight D. Eisenhower landed in
Morocco and Algeria in late 1943 and
pushed west towards Egypt.
• The Allied forces drove the Nazis out of
North Africa in May of 1943
Invasion of Italy
• Allied troops moved into Southern Europe
in the summer of 1943.
• Allied troops, led by General George
Patton, landed in Italy in September
1943.
• The Italians overthrew Mussolini and
surrendered to the Allies.
• In June 1944, Allies took over Rome,
Italy.
• The Allies were launching an air war on
Germany day and night, but the Nazis
refused to surrender.
The Tide Turns in Europe – A Two Front War
The Soviet Union and Germany fought for 3
years (about 900 days) in Russia, but the
Nazis were never able to conquer the Soviet
Union – people of Leningrad held out.
As the Soviet Union was fighting the
Germans in the East, Great Britain and
US were planning an attack from the
West – D Day.
D-Day – June 6, 1944
• Ships brought troops across the English
Channel to France and paratroopers
were dropped inland on D-Day. General
Dwight D. Eisenhower was the general in
charge of this operation.
• The beaches that the troops landed on
were named, “Utah”, “Omaha”, “Gold”,
“Sword” and “Juno”.
• When troops came on land, they faced
land mines and fierce gun and cannon
fire from the Germans.
• Within a few weeks, more than 1 million
troops were in France and on August 25,
1944, the Allied troops walked into a
liberated Paris.
Victory in Europe – V-E Day – May 8, 1945
• The Allies moved quickly across France,
but had to fight hard to defeat the Nazis
at the Battle of the Bulge in Belgium.
The Nazis pushed the Allied front lines
back and this created a “bulge” in the
front lines – hence, this is how it got its
name.
• Adolf Hitler committed suicide on April
30, 1945 when he realized he would lose
the war.
• Germany surrendered on May 7, 1945.
• President Roosevelt died on April 12,
1945 and Harry S. Truman became
President
The Holocaust
• The Nazis wanted to come up with a “final
solution” for those that they felt were unfit to
live in their society. Their solution was
genocide, the wiping out of an entire group of
people.
• There were 6 million Jews killed, along with
millions of Slavs, Gypsies, communists,
homosexuals and people with handicaps, Jews
were the only group singled out for complete
extermination.
Persecution of Germany’s Jews
• In September 1935, the Nuremburg laws
removed citizenship from German Jews
and banned marriage between Jews and
other Germans. Other laws kept the Jews
from voting, holding public office, and
employing non-Jewish Germans.
• Later, the Jews were banned from owning
businesses, being lawyers and doctors and
they quickly had no way to earn a living
and life became very difficult.
November 9, 1938 – Kristallnacht – Night of
the Shattered Glass
• On this date, the Nazis burned Jewish
places of worship, destroyed Jewish
shops and killed many Jews.
• About 30,000 Jewish men were sent
to concentration camps.
• Over 1,000 Jewish synagogues were
destroyed and over 7,000 Jewish
stores and businesses were destroyed
in 2 days.
Persecution of Jewish People
• Jewish people were forced to wear a
yellow, six-pointed star on their clothing so
all would know they were Jewish.
• The mass killing of the Jews began when
Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941.
• The Jewish people were treated horribly in
the camps. Guards took their possessions,
shaved their heads, and tattooed a number
on their arms and they were not fed much
food, sometimes just a crust of bread.
The Final Solution – January 1942
• In January 1942, the Germans
decided to destroy the Jews. They
built death camps, such as those at
Auschwitz and Treblinka in Poland.
• Healthy prisoners were used for
hard labor. The elderly, disabled,
sick, children and their mothers
were sent to the gas chambers and
their bodies were then burned in
giant furnaces.
• After the war, people questioned
why more wasn’t done to stop the
Holocaust sooner, but no answers
are really given to this question.
Liberation of Concentration Camps
• Allied forces moving through
Germany and Poland after V-E
Day saw the unspeakable and
unforgettable horrors of the
camps and liberated the Jews
and other being held at the
camps.
• This photo shows prisoners at
Dachau raising an American
flag on April 30, 1945.
Section 5
War in the Pacific
The Pacific Front
• The Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor
on December 7, 1941 and they struck
American airfields in the Philippines,
and the islands of Wake and Guam.
• The Japanese then invaded the
Philippine Islands, Thailand, Malaya
and Hong Kong.
• American general Douglas MacArthur
and the American and Filipino troops
had to retreat to the Bataan
Peninsula.
The Philippines Fall –
Bataan Death March
• Allied troops surrendered the Bataan
region to the Japanese on April 9,
1942.
• The Japanese forced 76,000 prisoners
to march 60 miles. Many of the
prisoners were sick and near
starvation. When the march ended,
nearly 22,000 had died and 54,000
remained.
Island Hopping
The Battle of Midway gave control of
key islands to the US and gave them
the boost they needed to really go
after the Japanese.
Island hopping was the attacking and
capturing certain key islands. The US used
these islands as bases for leapfrogging to
other islands and getting closer to Japan.
Iwo Jima and Okinawa – March-June 1945
• American troops seized the island of Iwo
Jima in March 1945 and then Okinawa in
June of 1945.
• The Japanese fought fiercely to defend
these islands and there were thousands of
Americans that lost their lives and
thousands more were wounded.
• In desperation, the Japanese sent out
kamikazes. The kamikaze pilots would
crash planes loaded with explosives into
American ships. Kamikaze pilots sank
many US destroyers during the battle of
Okinawa.
Famous Images from Iwo Jima & Okinawa
5 U.S. Marines and 1 Navy Corpsman
raising the US flag on February 23,
1945 atop Mount Suribachi on the
island of Iwo Jima.
Some of the fiercest fighting of WWII
took place on Okinawa. It was
nicknames the “typhoon of steel.”
The End of the War
• The Japanese were near defeat, but refused to
surrender, this led the United States to use the
most powerful weapon known to man to end
WWII, the atomic bomb.
• In 1939, German-born physicist, Albert Einstein,
warned President Roosevelt that the Nazis might
try to use the energy of the atom, if they could
develop a bomb.
• In 1942, scientists from many countries and the
University of Chicago formed the Manhattan
Project. This group built the first nuclear
reactor and were able to split atoms and release
their energy.
• Another group of scientists worked secretly in
Los Alamos, New Mexico to build the atomic
bomb.
• On July 16, 1945, the 1st atomic bomb went off
in a test in the New Mexico desert.
Dropping the Atomic Bomb – Hiroshima & Nagasaki
On August 6, 1945, the bomber,
the Enola Gay dropped an atomic
bomb on the city of Hiroshima.
Three days later, on August 9,
1945, an atomic bomb was dropped
on the city of Nagasaki.
Japan’s Surrender – August 15, 1945 – V-J Day
• The bomb that leveled Hiroshima killed
between 80,000 to 120,000 people; the
Nagasaki bomb killed between 35,000 to
74,000 people.
• Thousands more were injured and many died
later from radiation burns and injuries
sustained during the bombings.
• Many people were incinerated instantly from
the heat of the bomb.
• The Japanese finally realized that they had
no choice but to surrender and did so on
August 15, 1945, but didn’t sign the official
papers until September 2 aboard the USS
Missouri.
The Cost of the War
• WWII was the most destructive
conflict in history.
• More than 55 million people died
during the war and more than half of
those killed were civilians – ordinary
citizens, who were killed by bombing,
starvation, disease, torture, and
murder.
• About 322,000 Americans died during
WWII and about 800,000 were
injured.
• The Soviet Union had more than 22
million of it’s people die during WWII!
• Those who survived had the
enormous task of trying to rebuild
their lives.