Transcript PowerPoint: FDR`s Presidency

Presidency of FDR
http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5057/
“The only thing we have to fear, is fear itself.” (1932)
“I pledge a New Deal for the
American people…”
 March 6 – 10
 National Banking
Holiday
 March 9 – June 16
 Hundred Days
 Relief
 Recovery
 Reform
Roosevelt Tackles Money and
Banking
 Emergency Banking Relief
Act, 1933
 Glass-Steagall Banking
Reform Act
 Set up the Federal
Deposit Insurance
Corporation (FDIC)
 Surrender gold to Treasury
Creating Jobs for the Jobless
 Civilian Conservation
Corps
 Federal Emergency Relief
Act
 Federal Emergency
Relief Administration
 Agricultural Adjustment
Act
 Home Owners’ Loan
Corporation
 Civil Works Administration
Critics of the New Deal
 Senator Huey Long (LA)
 “Share Our Wealth”
 Assassinated
 Francis E. Townsend
 Works Progress
Administration
 Buildings, bridges, roads
NRA and the Chicken case
 National Industrial
Recovery Act
 Allowed industries to
write “codes of fair
competition”
 Under President’s
control
 Schechter v. United States
 NIRA unconstitutional
 Upset separation of
powers
Battling the Bankers
 Securities and Exchange
Commission (SEC)
 “watch dog” on
Americas bank and
trading markets
The TVA
 Tennessee Valley Authority
 $13 billion investment
 Public utility –
hydroelectric power
 1933 – Hundred Days
 “Creeping socialism in
concrete”
Social Security
 Social Security Act, 1935
 Federal-state
unemployment
insurance
 Security for old age,
blind, physically
handicapped,
delinquent children and
other dependents
 $10 - $85/month
Unskilled “New Deal”
 Wagner, or National Labor Relations,
Act, 1935
 National Labors Board created for
self-organization and collective
bargaining
 John L. Lewis creates Committee for
Industrial Organization (CIO)
 Appealed to those rejected by the
American Federation of Labor
 Fair Labor Standards Act
 Wages and Hours Bill
Court Packing Scheme
 Roosevelt's purpose was to
obtain favorable rulings
regarding New Deal
legislation that had been
previously ruled
unconstitutional
 Called to name 6 new
justices
 1 new Justice for each
current justice over 70
 REJECTED – MUCH criticism
The Twilight of the New Deal
 Unemployment
 25% down to 15% by
1936
 “Roosevelt Recession” 1937
 Hatch Act, 1939
 Barred fed. Officals from
active political
campaigning; using
gov’t money for
political campaign
illegal
New Deal or Raw Deal
 “Alphabet Soup”
 “Bureaucratic meddling”
 National Debt:
 19 Billion, 1932
 42 Billion, 1939
 Business believed infringed
upon class structure –
creeping socialism
 “administered aspirin,
sedatives and Band-Aids
Franklin D. Roosevelt and the
Shadows of War
1933 - 1941
The London Economic Conference
 Summer, 1933
 International
conference to attack
economic depression
 FDR promised
delegation - never
agreed to anything
 International
community
disheartened by US
isolationist choice
International Recognition
 Philippines
 Tydings-McDuffie Act,
1934
 Independence granted
July 4, 1946
 Soviet Union
 US officially recognizes
in 1933
 A lot of protest
Good Neighbor Policy
 Isolationism = giving up
badge as world police
 Couldn’t afford military
presence in Latin America
 Renounced Roosevelt
Corollary to Monroe
Doctrine
 Removed troops from Haiti
and Nicaragua
 Annulled Platt Amendment
Reciprocal Trade Agreement
 Secretary of State Hull
 Recriprocal Trade
Agreement, 1934
 Negotiation of tariff
agreements
 Bilateral tariff reductions
 Resulted in a reduction
of duties
 Avg. of 46 % in 1934
to 12% by 1962
Meanwhile in Europe…
 Joseph Stalin, 1924
 Communist dictator
 Benito Mussolini, 1922
 Fascism
 Adolf Hitler, 1933
 Nazi/Socialist Dictator
 Rome-Berlin Axis, 1936
 Italy attacks Ethiopia, 1935
Legislates “Neutrality”
 Neutrality Acts, 1935
 Embargo on arms sales to all countries
involved in war
 Germany Reoccupies Rhineland
 Ignored
 Spanish Civil War
 Neutrality Act, 1936
 Added “civil strife” to ‘35s Neutrality
Act
 Hitler Annexes Austria
 Hitler Invades Czechoslovokia
 Munich Conference – US ignores
 Hitler Threatens Poland
 $$$ to military
 Hitler invades Poland
 Britain and France declare War
 Neutrality Act, 1937 – “Cash and
carry”
 Start of the “Blitz” in Battle of Britain
 Lend-Lease Act
 Hitler Invades Yugoslavia and Greece
 US sends aid to Allies
 US expands “escort” zone in
Atlantic
 Hitler invades Russia
Meanwhile, Japan…
 Invades Manchuria
 US ignores
 Panay incident
 US demands indemnity
 Japan builds up Navy
ignoring Washington
Conference
 US does nothing
 Japanese Offensive in S.
China
 US sends $25 million to
Chang Kaishek
 Occupies China
 Nothing because “Open
Door” Policy
 Japan occupies Indo-China
 US Freezes Japanese
assets in US (oil)
 Japanese-Sino War
 US embargoes strategic
Material
 Japanese Attack Pearl
Harbor
Videos of Pearl Harbor
 America: The Story of Us – “WWII”
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CuU21Z4PEfM
 History Channel: WWII in HD
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZJZLc5_l-_Q
 “You’re a sap, Mr. Jap”
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sOmkvEMLIT0
America In WWII
America at War
ABC-1
Agreement
 Goal –
“Germany First”
 Bigger Threat
 Take Hitler out
then move to
Japan
US Treatment of Japanese
 Executive Order 9066
 Over 100,000
Japanese-Americans
were placed in
concentration camps
 Washington believed
they may act on the
side of Japan and
cripple the US
Building the War Machine
 American
factories
produced an
enormous amount
of weaponry, such
as guns and
planes
 The War
Production Board
(WPB) – in charge
of production
War Efforts
 WPB halted production of
passenger cars, rationed
gasoline, and set a
national speed limit
 War Labor Board – placed
ceilings on wage increases
 Smith-Connally Anti-Strike
Act – authorized
government to take over
businesses that went on
strike. (1943) ex. coal
mines, railroads, etc.
Manpower and Womanpower
 The draft left the
nation’s farms and
factories
shorthanded.
 1942 – agreement
made with Mexico
to bring in
braceros to work
in fruit and grain
crops in the West
Manpower and Womanpower
US Armed
Services –
enlisted 216,000
women in WWII.
Many women
took jobs outside
the home in the
war industry
Woman Power
Population
 1.6 million blacks left for jobs in the North and West –
Great Migration
 South – received most of the defense contracts in order
to fix economic crisis in the South beginnings of the
Sunbelt
 25,000 Native Americans served in US Armed Forces
 Comanche in Europe and Navajo in Pacific became
“code talkers”
The Home Front
Americans at
home suffered
little from the war
The national
debt grew from
$41 billion in 1941
to $259 billion by
1945
WWII
 Japan attacked
Guam, Wake
Island, and the
Philippines
 Gen. Douglas
Macarthur led
American forces
at the Philippines
 April 9, 1942 – US
had to retreat at
Bataan
Bataan Death March
Japan and Midway
 May 1942 – Battle of
the Coral Sea –
Americans win first
battle that was based
on an aircraft carrier
 June 3-6, 1942 – Battle
of Midway –
Japanese retreated
after losing four
carriers
 Turning point of war in
the Pacific
Battle of Coral Sea
Battle of Midway
Toward Tokyo
 August 1942 - American forces gained foothold on
Guadalcanal Island and the Solomon Islands in an
attempt to protect the supply-lines from America to
Australia through the Southwest Pacific.
 US Navy leapfrogged islands controlled by Japan
on its way to Tokyo – “Island Hopping”
 Major islands of the Marianas fell to U.S. attackers in
July and August 1944
 From the Marianas, US B-29 bombers could reach
Japan
The Halting of Hitler
 Hitler entered the war
with a superb group
of U-boats
 Oct. 1942 – US and
allied forces win at El
Alamein in North
Africa
 Sept. 1942 – Soviets
drive Germans out
after attack on
Stalingrad
North Africa To Rome
 Nov. 1942 – Dwight
Eisenhower led troops
against Axis troops in
North Africa
 The German-Italy
army was trapped in
Tunisia in May 1943.
 Allied forces captured
Sicily in August 1943
North Africa To Rome
 September 1943, Italy
surrendered
unconditionally and
Mussolini was
overthrown.
 Nazis attempted to hold
on to Italy.
 Rome was taken on
June 4, 1944
D-Day – June 6, 1944
 Roosevelt, Churchill,
and Stalin met at
Tehran, Iran from Nov.
28-Dec. 1, 1943
 US Gen. Eisenhower
given command
 French Normandy was
chosen as place to
invade France
 Paris was liberated
August 25, 1944
FDR’s Fourth Term
 Election of 1944
 FDR (D)
 Thomas Dewey
(R)
 FDR won by a
landslide because
Americans did not
want a new
president in the
middle of a war
The Last Days of Hitler
 Battle of the Bulge – Hitler’s
last attempt at keeping
war hopes alive
 Dec. 15, 1944 –US forces
stood firm and won
 April 1945 – Ike’s troops
reach the Elbe River,
finding and liberating
concentration camps
The Last Days of Hitler
 The Soviets reached
Berlin in April 1945
 Adolph Hitler
committed suicide
April 30, 1945
 April 12, 1945 – FDR
died suddenly of a
brain hemorrhage –
Truman takes over
 May 7, 1945 – German
government
surrendered officially.
Japan Dies Hard
 Submarines and bombers
continued to inflict
damage upon Japan.
 Leyte Gulf - series of 3
battles took place from
October 23-26, 1944,
knocking out Japan’s
massive and powerful
Navy.
 Iwo Jima was captured in
March 1945. Needed for US
bombers to land.
The Atomic Bomb
 Potsdam
Conference –
Truman, Churchill,
and Stalin
announced that
Japan must
surrender or be
destroyed.
 July 16, 1945 - first
atomic bomb was
detonated
The Atomic Bomb
 Japan refused to
surrender
 Aug. 6, 1945 – Atomic
Bomb dropped on
Hiroshima
 Japan refused to
surrender
“Little Man” - 1
“Fat Boy” – 2
 Aug. 9, 1945 – Atomic
Bomb dropped on
Nagasaki
The Surrender of Japan
 August 10, 1945 –
Japan surrendered
under the condition
that the Emperor
Hirohito be allowed
to remain emperor
 The formal end of
the war came on
Sept. 2, 1945
War Casualties
 U.S. casualties – 1,000,000
 U.S.S.R. casualties – 20,000,000
 After the war, much of the world was destroyed with the
exception of the United States – it was left untouched.