Transcript Chapters 30-31: The Great Depression, World War II

Depression, World War II, and
Decolonization
Where did we leave off?
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Decolonization in the Americas.
New colonization in Africa and Asia.
All to keep the industrial revolution
going.
The 1920s: Temporary
Prosperity
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In the 1920’s the industrial revolution
was going strong. People were all
making money!
1920’s
1929…..
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The economic world collapses with the
great crash of 1929.
The Great Depression’s
Causes
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After effects of World War I
Overproduction
Tariffs and other trade barriers
Stock market crash
Bank failures in the US and other
countries
The New York Stock Exchange in
October, 1929
Bank Failures
Responses to the Great
Depression
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The economic crash led many western
governments to take greater control
over their nation’s economies.
Many saw the Depression as evidence
that democratic governments and
capitalism were incapable of solving
problems or meeting the needs of
modern society.
Western European Reactions
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Social Democratic
governments were elected in
Scandinavia. They were
socialist but democratic.
In England, the Labour Party
took power
France’s government was led
by the Popular Front, a
mixture of socialist and
moderate parties.
These governments attempted
to help end the Depression by
taking more power over their
economies
The Soviet Union
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Because its economy was
independent and did not
depend on external trade,
the Soviet Union had few
economic troubles during
the 1930s.
Joseph Stalin boasted that
this demonstrated the
superiority of socialism over
capitalism, and some
Westerners agreed.
Stalin’s Five Year Plans and
focus on heavy industry and
militarization made the
Soviet Union a powerful
force.
Germany
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After World War I
Germany’s economy
was devastated, its
territory shrunken, and
its military force
depleted.
The Great Depression
made Germany’s
situation worse, and
many Germans looked
to new leadership.
The German Mark
The German Mark
The “Stabbed-in-the-Back” Theory
Disgruntled German WWI veterans
Adolf Hitler
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Born 1889, Austria
Obsessed with German racial
superiority
Anti-Semitic
World War I veteran, took
leadership of the National
Socialist German Workers’
Party (Nazi) in early 1920s
Attempted to seize power in
1923, but was imprisoned.
Wrote Mein Kampf
Appointed Chancellor after
Nazis won the German
elections in January, 1933.
The Third Reich
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By 1934 Hitler had taken total power and
become Der Fuhrer, or “The Leader” of
Germany
He began to remilitarize Germany in defiance
of the Versailles Treaty.
Anti-Semitic Decrees first separated the Jews
from the Germans, then began to limit their
rights, eventually leading to the Holocaust.
Nazi Propaganda
Anti-Semitism
Battle of Britain:
The “Blitz”
Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941
A date which will live in infamy!
D-Day (June 6, 1944)
Normandy Landing
(June 6, 1944)
German Prisoners
Higgins Landing Crafts
The Liberation of Paris:
August 25, 1944
De Gaulle in
Triumph!
Horrors
of the Holocaust Exposed
Horrors
of the Holocaust Exposed
Entrance to
Auschwitz
Crematoria
at
Majdanek
Horrors
of the Holocaust Exposed
Slave Labor at Buchenwald
Hitler Commits Suicide
April 30, 1945
Cyanide & Pistols
The Führer’s Bunker
Mr. & Mrs. Hitler
V-E Day (May 8, 1945)
General Keitel
Soldiers Return in Times
Square, NYC
The De-Colonization of
European Empires
Decolonization in Africa and
Asia
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After World War II nationalist
demands for independence
increased in the colonies
Western nations were no longer
strong enough to maintain control
of their empires
Some European countries managed
to end their empires peacefully.
The Dutch pulled out of Indonesia in
1948. The British turned their
Empire into the British
Commonwealth of Nations
France struggled to maintain its
empire and fought a series of
conflicts in Algeria and Indochina
before finally pulling out.
By the mid-1960s most of Africa
was independent. The last
European nation to give up its
colonies was Portugal in 1980.
The Four “Worlds”
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First World: industrialized liberal democracies
with market economies
Second World: dictatorships with Marxist
command economies
Third World: non-aligned nations (post- Cold
War: developing nations)
Fourth World: non-self-supporting nations
dependent on the First and Second Worlds
White Resistance to African
Independence.
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South Africa’s apartheid
regime remained in power
until the early 1990s.
Brutal laws mandated racial
segregation and other
restrictions.
In 1994, Nelson Mandela, an
anti-apartheid leader, was
elected the first majority-rule
President of South Africa.
Problems of the new African
nations
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Lack of an infrastructure and middle class
Little or no industry and technology
Artificial borders dating from the colonial
period, with no recognition of historic and
cultural differences
Democratic governments were often
overthrown and replaced with military
dictatorships.
Neocolonialism meant continued economic
dependence on the West
The Middle East after World
War II
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Most Arab nations became
independent during or
shortly after World War II
In 1948, the nation of Israel
was established, supported
by the United Nations, the
United States, and the Soviet
Union.
War broke out as Israel’s
Arab neighbors attempted to
destroy the new country.
Israel defeated the Arabs
and expanded its territory.
Palestinian refugees became
an immediate and lasting
problem