Transcript 49_1920s_Foreign_Policy(2)

Foreign Policy Tensions
Interventionism
• Collective
security
• “Wilsonianism”
• Business
interests
Disarmament
• Isolationism
• Nativists
• Anti-War movement
• Conservative
Republicans
American Isolationism
5 Isolationists like
Senator Lodge,
refused to allow the
US to sign the
Versailles Treaty.
5 Security treaty with
France also rejected
by the Senate.
5 July, 1921  Congress
passed a resolution
declaring WW I
officially over!
Sen. Henry Cabot
Lodge, Sr. [R-MA]
Problems in Europe
After WWI
Great Depression
•Economic = people were jobless
•Political = weak governments could
not solve problems in their countries.
Fear of Jews and Communists
•Social = times of unrest people look
for a leader.
•Power of government rests in one man.
•TOTAL POWER
•No freedoms in this society…..
•Usually racist and discriminatory towards
certain groups……
•Often have large militaries and must
expand and conquer to gain approval from
their people.
dictators
dictators
Benito Mussolini
1922/Italy---Facism
Believe, Obey and
Fight
Revive the Roman
Empire
FACISM: BASED ON A SYMBOL OF AUTHORITY IN
THE OLD ROMAN EMPIRE…………”a philosophy or
system of government that advocates or
exercises a dictatorship, state control of
industry, racial superiority, supremacy of the
leader, limits civil rights, together with an
ideology of belligerent nationalism, militarism
and expansion…..”
•Joseph Stalin
•1921/Soviet Union
Communism
Spread Communism
throughout the world
•Stalin maneuvered himself into becoming the leader
of the Soviet Union.
•The Russian Revolution was led by the people to
overthrow a monarch but when the new ruling class
took over, there were no protections of people’s
rights…… “NO BILL OF RIGHTS”
•Communism and fascism are similar in their
ideologies
dictators
Took the form of a god
and ruled Japan from
1926 to 1989.
Japan’s Manifest
Destiny was to expand
into China and the rest
of Asia.
Empire of the Sun
Emperor Horhito
dictators
1931/Japan,
expansionist and
military leader
•Would threaten our
island possessions
and U.S. trade
policy into China,
Open Door Policy.
•Planned the Pearl
Habor attack
Hideki Tojo
dictators
Adolph Hitler, fought
in WWI and hated the
Treaty of Versailles
1920s, became
involved with the
NAZI party which
wanted to restore
German pride.
Became dictator of
Germany in 1933.
Create a new empire, “Third Reich”
•Revenge towards the Treaty of Versailles
Rearm Germany
Take back land lost from WWI
dictators
Washington Naval Conference
[1921-1922]
U. S.
5
Britain
5
Japan
3
France
1.67
Italy
1.67
Four-Power Pact
(December 13, 1921).
Britain, France, Japan and the United
States agreed to submit disputes
among themselves over Pacific issues to
a conference for resolution.
Pledged mutual respect for the
possessions and mandates of other
signatories (participants) in the Pacific.
Five-Power Naval Limitation Treaty
(February 6, 1922).
The leading naval powers, Britain, France,
Italy, Japan and the United States pledged
adherence to limitations on the tonnage of
capital ships and accepted a moratorium on
new naval construction. 5-3-1 ration
Britain could only have 1 ship for every 3
ships in Japan, and Japan could only have 3
ships for every 5 ships in the U.S. Britain,
U.S. and Japan agreed to dismantle some
existing vessels to meet the ratio.
Five-Power Naval Limitation Treaty
(February 6, 1922).
Agreed on a series of rules for the use
of submarines in future warfare and also
outlawed the use of poisonous gases as
a military weapon.
Nine-Power Treaty
(February 6, 1922).
Big Four, plus Italy, Belgium, the
Netherlands, Portugal and China endorsed
the Open Door Policy and pledged mutual
respect for Chinese territorial integrity and
independence.
In the following months, the U.S.
Senate ratified all of the treaties
from the Washington Conference.
Kellogg-Briand Pact: 1928
 60 nations committed to outlawing aggression and war for
settling disputes.
 Problem  no way of enforcement.
The Kellogg-Briand Pact provided for
outlawing war as an “an instrument of national
policy,” and was further notable for the
following:
The pact was signed in August 1928 by 15
nations.
In the following months, more than 60 countries
joined in this renunciation of war.
The U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee
studied the matter and issued a report that
maintained that the pact did not impair the nation’s
ability to act to protect the Monroe Doctrine.
US Senate ratified this treaty.
Afghanistan
Finland
Peru
Albania
Guatemala
Portugal
Austria
Hungary
Rumania
Bulgaria
Iceland
Russia
China
Latvia
Kingdom of the Serbs
Cuba
Liberia
Croats and Slovenes
Denmark
Lithuania
Siam
Dominican Republic
Netherlands
Spain
Egypt
Nicaragua
Sweden
Estonia
Norway
Turkey
Ethiopia
Panama
Additional countries which join by July 24, 1929. Persia, July 2, 1929; Greece,
August 3, 1929; Honduras, August 6, 1929; Chile, August 12, 1929; Luxemburg August
14, 1929; Danzig, September 11, 1929; Costa Rica, October 1, 1929; Venezuela,
October 24, 1929.
The Kellogg-Briand Pact provided for outlawing war
as an “an instrument of national policy,” and was
further notable for the following:
Major problems with this treaty
1. No enforcement mechanism was provided for changing the
behavior of warring signatories.
2. The agreement was interpreted by most of the signatories
to permit “defensive” war.
3. No expiration date was provided.
4. No provision existed for amending the agreement was
included.
 In the 1930’s, the idealism of “ending all war”
would be shattered when the Japanese, Italy,
Germany and Soviet Union began WWII.
 Idealism, is what it is: “ideas”. Some can
work and others can’t.
 In a realistic world, countries realized that
they needed to protect themselves from
aggressor nations.
 It is still this way today but we have the
United Nations to promote world peace and
“contain” aggressor nations.
Dawes Plan
•Presented in 1924 by the committee headed by Charles G.
Dawes to the Reparations Commission of the Allied nations. It
was accepted the same year by Germany and the Allied
Nations.
•The Dawes Committee was entrusted with finding a solution
for the collection of the German reparations debt, set at
almost $54 billion.
•Germany had been lagging in payment of this obligation and
the Dawes Plan provided a repayment schedule over 4 years to
the Allies. The Germans would continue to lag behind in
payments.
DEBTS
US INVESTORS
WALL
STREET
BANKERS
PRIVATE
LOANS
GERMANY
WAR DEBT
PAYMENTS
“REPARATIONS”
US TREASURY
ALLIED
WAR DEBT
PAYMENTS
GREAT
BRITAIN
FRANCE
•US high tariffs
(Hawley-Smoot
Tariff) caused Great
Britain and France to
not trade with US.
•US became
“economic
isolationist”.
•Because of this,
Great Britain and
France did not pay
back war debts to the
US.
•GB and France
defaulted on their
debt because they
had paid in blood.
Young Plan
Program
for settlement of German reparations debts after WW I.
After
the Dawes Plan was put into operation (1924), it became
apparent that Germany could not meet the huge annual payments,
especially over an indefinite period of time.
The Young
Plan: which set the total reparations at $26,350,000,000 to
be paid over a period of 58 1/2 years : was thus adopted by the Allied
Powers in 1930 to supersede the Dawes Plan.
Germany
felt the full impact of economic depression and a moratorium
was called for the fiscal year 1931–32.
When Adolf
Hitler took over Germany, he defaulted on the unpaid
reparations debt.
After
Germany's defeat in World War II, an international conference
decided (1953) that Germany would pay the remaining debt only after
the country was reunified.
West
Germany paid off the principal by 1980; then in 1995, after
reunification, the new German government announced it would resume
payments of the interest.
Dawes Plan (1924)
Clark Memorandum (1928)
 Clark pledged that the
US would not intervene
in Latin American
affairs in order to
protect US property
rights.
 This was a complete
Secretary of State
J. Reuben Clark
rebuke of the Roosevelt
Corollary to the Monroe
Doctrine!
FDR’s “Good Neighbor” Policy
 Important to have all
nations in the Western
Hemisphere united in
lieu of foreign
aggressions.
 FDR  The good
neighbor respects
himself and the rights
of others.
 Policy of non-
intervention and
cooperation.
•BETWEEN 1931 TO 1941, JAPAN INVADES MOST OF
ASIA AND WAS THREATENING U.S. ISLANDS AND
OUR OPEN DOOR TRADE POLICY.
•FROM 1935 TO 1939, HITLER REMARMED GERMANY
IN VIOLATION OF THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES.
•GERMANY/ITALY CONQUERED ALL THE
DEMOCRACIES IN EUROPE.
•US POLICY WAS STRICT NEUTRALITY BUT
ULTIMATELY WOULD BE DRAWN INTO WWII.
democracies
Japanese Attack Manchuria
(1931)
 League of Nations condemned the
action.
 Japan leaves the League.
 Hoover wanted no part in an American military action
in the Far East.
Hoover-Stimpson Doctrine
(1932)
 US would not recognize any territorial acquisitions
that were achieved by force.
 Japan was infuriated because the US had
conquered new
territories a few
decades earlier.
 Japan bombed
Shanghai in
1932  massive
casualties.
FDR Recognizes the Soviet
Union (late 1933)
 FDR felt that
recognizing Moscow
might bolster the
US against Japan.
 Maybe trade with
the USSR would
help the US
economy during the
Depression.
Nye Committee Hearings
(1934-1936)
 The Nye Committee I
investigated the charge
that WW I was needless and
the US entered so munitions
owners could make big profits
[“merchants of death.”]
 The Committee did charge
that bankers wanted war to Senator Gerald P. Nye [R-ND]
protect their loans & arms manufacturers to make
money.
 Claimed that Wilson had provoked Germany by
sailing in to warring nations’ waters.
 Resulted in Congress passing several Neutrality
Acts.
FDR’s “I hate war” Speech (1936)
Ludlow Amendment (1938)
 A proposed amendment
to the Constitution
that called for a
national referendum on
any declaration of war
by Congress.
 Introduced several
Congressman Louis Ludlow
[D-IN]
times by Congressman
Ludlow.
 Never actually passed.
•1935: prohibited
arms shipments to
all belligerent
countries.
•1936: forbid loans
to all belligerents
•1939: prohibited
Americans from
traveling on ships of
belligerent nations
•FDR responds to Fascist aggression in
Europe by protecting democracies and
preparing the US for war…..BUT TRYING TO
Neutral
REMAIN ISOLATED AND NEUTRAL
•Americans wanted to
remain neutral.
•America First
Committee
•Committee to Defend
America by Aiding the
Allies
•Feb. 21, 1940: If
Germany is defeating
England & France,
should the U.S. declare
war on Germany and
send our Army and Navy
to Europe to fight
against Hitler?
Yes: 23%
Neutral
No 77%
December 16, 1940:
Do you think it was a
mistake for the U.S.
to enter the first
World War?
Yes: 39%
No 42%
No opinion 19%
Neutral
FIRST, freedom of speech and
expression, everywhere in the world.
SECOND, freedom of every person to
worship God in his own way,everywhere
in the world.
THIRD, freedom from want, which
translated into world terms, economic
and healthy peace time life, everywhere
in the world.
FOURTH, freedom from fear, worldwide
reduction of armaments, everywhere in
the world.
Other things FDR stated:
•The world order is to seek cooperation
of free countries, in a friendly civilized
society.
•FDR’s speech to
Congress in Jan.
1941 describing
the threat of the
Axis Powers.
•FDR believed
American
security was
seriously
threatened and
believed the
struggle was
over American
democracy.
•Freedom means the supremacy of
human rights everywhere.
atlantic1
LEND LEASE
•RENTING, LEASING, GIVING
BRITAIN AND LATER SOVIET
UNION AND CHINA, MILITARY
WEAPONS TO ARM THEM AGAINST
THE GERMANS AND JAPANESE…
•FDR’s FINAL ATTEMPT TO REMAIN
NEUTRAL!
•USA BECOMES THE “ARSENAL OF
DEMOCRACY”
U. S. Lend-Lease Act,
1941, “ US becomes the arsenal
of democracy”
Great Britain.........................$31 billion
Soviet Union...........................$11 billion
France......................................$ 3 billion
China.......................................$1.5 billion
Other European.................$500 million
South America...................$400 million
The amount totaled: $48,601,365,000
lend lease
US offered Lend Lease as a last defense to stay out of war. It was given to
Britain during the Battle of Britain in 1940, the Soviet Union after Hitler’s
invasion in 1941 and China. The US became the “arsenal of democracy”.
June 22, 1941,
Chapter 24, Section 2
Hitler invades
the Soviet
Union
1940: Norway, Denmark, Holland,
Belgium, Netherlands and France
1941: Soviet Union
atlantic1
•FDR and Winston
Churchill meet on
the USS Augusta in
the North Atlantic to
sign the Atlantic
Charter, August 12,
1941.
•They met together to make known certain common
principles of their respective countries on which they
base their hopes for a better future
for the world.
atlantic1
FIRST, we seek not conquest of land or
territory…..
SECOND, no territorial changes of land
between nations.
THIRD, Restoration of sovereign rights and
self-government
FOURTH, Access to raw materials for all
FIFTH, World economic cooperation
SIXTH, Freedom from fear and want
SEVENTH, freedom of the seas
EIGHTH, Disarmament of aggressors
NINTH, a United Nations for world peace.
The Attack Plan (Japanese)
By attacking our three main bases (???)
the Japanese hoped to have free reign to
take out southern Asia.
Wanted oil, rubber & metal.
They wanted control of East Asia (all the
way down to Australia).
They concentrated on attacking the Dutch
East Indies (Indonesia). This would allow
the Japanese to attack Australia.
All that would be left would be small
islands here and there in the Pacific and the
Japanese would feel no threat from them.
map/japan
•
Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto
•
Commander of the Japanese
Navy
•
Responsible for the success
of the Japanese attack of
Pearl Harbor.
•
Captain Mitsuo Fuchida
•
Led the attack at Pearl
Harbor.
•
“Tora, Tora, Tora”
•
“Attack, Attack,
Attack”
WWII Military Leaders
Infamy9
In
less than 2 hours, the Pacific Fleet
lost two battleships, six others were
heavily battered and nearly a dozen
lesser vessels put out of action.
More than 150 planes were wrecked;
over 2,300 servicemen were killed and
1,100 wounded.
Blame was widespread, both on the
Officials in Washington and on the
Admiral and the General in Hawaii.
•After FDR’s Day
of Infamy speech
asking for a
declaration of
war against
Japan, Congress
approved the
declaration….
•FDR signed the
declaration of
war against
Japan on Dec. 8,
1941