Transcript Origins of Mao - BTHS World History

Authoritarian and SingleParty States - China
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October 1949, in front of 500,000
people, Mao proclaimed the
Chinese people had stood up
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People’s Republic of China
Result of a protracted struggle
between CCP and GMD
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Warlord Period 1916-1927
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Nanjing Decade 1929-1937
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Sino-Japanese War 19371945
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Chinese Civil War 19461949
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Mao emerged the winner
Mao’s Background
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Born in 1893, small farming
village called Shaoshan,
Hunan province
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Parents farmers, standard
of living acceptable
Attended local school
“The Dismemberment of
China” was to have a strong
influence
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Still remembered opening
line
“Alas, China will be
subjugated.”
Mao’s Background
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End of the 19th century,
China was undergoing
intense pressure externally
and internally
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Meiji Restoration of 1868,
Japan rising
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Evident after 1894-95 SinoJapanese War and 1904-05
Russo-Japanese War
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Led to annexation of
Korea
Reviewing China’s
Problems
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Pressure for change
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Qing Dynasty ruled since
1644
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1867-1908 resistant to reforms
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1898 movement Hundred
Days of Reform had been
rejected
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Overthrow Double Tenth
Revolution, Oct. 10, 1911
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Led by Sun Yixian and what
became the Guomindang in
1912
Three Principles
Reviewing China’s
Problems
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Crucial impact on Mao’s
thinking was anti-Western
attitude
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Open Door Policy of USA in
1898
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Economic imperialism in
China
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German acquisition of
Shandong and subsequent
railroad construction
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1900 Boxer Rebellion
Reviewing China’s
Problems
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Sun’s success short-lived
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Conflict with Yuan Shikai
Shikai’s death in 1916 led to
warlord period
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De Facto government in
Beijing
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Allowed for other nations to
reassert influence
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Mao would encounter this
throughout this period
Mao’s Influences
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Four major influences
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Aggressive and
expansionist Japanese
foreign policy that sought
raw materials
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Ruling elite that ignored
the needs of rural villages
and exploited the peasants
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Perception that the West
was attempting to exploit
China
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Issue of regionalism
Other Mao
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Mao successful as a student,
graduated from Changsha
Middle School in 1918
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Age 24, left his family and
moved to Beijing worked at the
university
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Became a bookseller, teacher,
school principal, businessman
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Always read
Access to Western classics
Very influential The Wealth of
Nations by Adam Smith
Started to write articles for
newspapers
1919 Hunan independence
activism
Paris Peace Settlements and
Impact on China
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Mao’s activism began around this time
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Japan had gotten Shandong
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Had been the opposite expectation of
China
May 4, 1919 thousands marched on Beijing
in protest, Twenty-One Demands
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Mao had been in contact with
Russian Comintern now
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Noted how the West was attempting
to overturn Communism
Movement paved the way for the
emergence of CCP
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Formally established in 1921
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12 delegates, including Mao
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Branches all over China
Growth of the CCP
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Coalition formed with GMD to
take out warlords and foreign
powers
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Suggested by the Comintern
First United Front in 1924
Affect on CCP was huge
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57 members in 1921 to 980 in 1925
to 58,000 in 1927 (30,000 in
Communist League)
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First United Front growing under
Jiang Jieshi’s leadership at
Whampoa Military Academy
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Sun dies in 1925
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Jiang in
Northern Expedition 1926
Mao’s Development
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Mao had confined himself
to dealing with Hunan
issues
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1924 attended First National
Congress of the GMD,
became more active
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1926 returned to Hunan
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Organized peasant forced
in the countryside to
support the First United
Front
Champion of the
Hunanese people
Nanjing Decade (1928-1937)
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Northern expedition a
tremendous success
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Rifts appearing in the coalition
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Jiang suspicious of communist
successes in the countryside
1927 White Terror
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Unions, communists,
peasants
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1930 – 1934, five unsuccessful
encirclements in the Jiangxi
Soviet
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1931 Japan invaded Manchuria
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Installed Puyi as puppet leader
Nanjing Decade – Effects
on Mao
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Mao one of the few leaders
capable of resisting GMD
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Jiang had control over most
cities, left rural areas under
control of landlords and
remaining pro-GMD warlords
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Mao still thought major threat
was from Japan
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Jiang thinks Japan too strong,
focused on CCP
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5th encirclement most successful
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Slow movements, economic
blockade
Long March – Effects on
Mao
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Led to Long March
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Calls for change in
leadership
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Zunyi Conference in
January 1936
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Zhou Enlai and others
support Mao over Li De
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Took over control of
military, reverted to
guerrilla warfare
Mao’s Consolidation
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Mao faced opposition internally
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Long March had been symbolic, but
numbers decimated
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Yan’an isolated away from GMD
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Build up base and gather support against
Japanese
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GMD still refused to fight the Japanese
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Zhang Xueliang, 2nd in command of GMD,
sent to fight Red Army
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CCP appealed to him to work together
Jiang went to meet Zhang to find out what
was wrong, Zhang placed him under house
arrest
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Dec. 1936, Second United Front
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Sino-Japanese War in 1937
Mao Consolidation
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Yan’an is where Mao’s
revision of Marxism began
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Urban-Proletariat to RuralPeasantry
Aided by Chen Boda, his
secretary
Cult of Mao emerging
1943, Chairman of the
Central Committee and
Chairman of the Politburo
Preamble of the 1945
Constitution included him
Sino-Japanese War and
Consequences
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Japan moved south, took much of the coast
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War became a stalemate until U.S. entry
into WWII in 1941
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Jiang content with inaction
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“The Japanese are a disease of the skin, but
the communists are a disease of the heart”
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1939 Jiang ordered attacks on the CCP
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Withdrew financial support
Other problems for Jiang
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Corruption in army
Food shortages, rice sacks full of sand
Conscription policy
Peasantry hit hardest
Sino-Japanese War and
Consequences
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Jiang’s leadership more
dictatorial
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USA aid of $500 million to GMD
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Contradictory orders, ignored
reports or corruption, inflation
Cities in China with different
exchange rates
Press censored, secret police
everywhere
Losing support of intellectuals
and cities
Relations with Generals up and
down
Would not work with Mao
Abrupt end to war in August
1945
Sino-Japanese War and
Consequences
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Mao used Rectification
Campaigns to eliminate
divisions by 1945
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Rectification Movement of 1942
purged the party of undesirable
elements and revising Maoist
thought
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Principles of “Mass Line,”
organizing study sessions among
communists
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Guerrilla warfare had been
successful
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Seen as true nationalists, the
people’s force
Civil War 46-49, Mao’s Rise
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China now a part of the Cold War
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Soviets want Manchuria for
resources
USA afraid of communism in Asia
USA trying to broker agreement
between CCP and GMD to ensure
a stable non-communist China
Truce arranged that lasted until
July 1946
By 1948, GMD cause lost
January 1949, Jiang resigns
presidency and prepared to move
to Taiwan
Mao announces PRC October 1949
Mao ready for agricultural and
social transformation to create a
unified socialist state