Transcript Paper 1 Practice - BTHS World History

Paper 1 Practice
What are two messages of
this cartoon?
What are three messages of
this source?
 "The night before [Wilson] asked Congress for a declaration of war against
Germany he sent for me. I was late getting the message somehow, and didn't
reach the White House till one o'clock, in the morning. 'The old man' was
waiting for me sitting in his study with the typewriter on his table, where he
used to type his own messages. I'd never seen him so worn down. He looked
as if he hadn't slept, and he said he hadn't. He said he was probably going
before Congress the next day to ask a declaration of war, and he'd never been
so uncertain about anything in his life as about that decision. For nights, he
said, he'd been lying awake going over the whole situation - over the
provocation given by Germany, over the probable feeling in the United States,
over the consequences to the settlement and to the world at large if we
entered the melee. He tapped some sheets before him and said that he had
written a message and expected to go before Congress with it as it stood. He
said he couldn't see any alternative, that he had tried every way he knew to
avoid war. 'I think I know what war means,' he said, and he added that if there
were any possibility of avoiding war he wanted to try it. 'What else can I do?'
he asked. 'Is there anything else I can do?’ I told him his hand had been
forced by Germany, that so far as I could see we couldn't keep out.”
Nanjing Decade (1928-1937)
 Northern expedition a tremendous
success
 Rifts appearing in the coalition


Jiang suspicious of communist
successes in the countryside
1927 White Terror
 Unions, communists, peasants
 1930 – 1934, five unsuccessful
encirclements in the Jiangxi
Soviet
 1931 Japan invaded Manchuria

Installed Puyi as puppet leader
Nanjing Decade – Effects on
Mao
 Mao one of the few leaders
capable of resisting GMD
 Jiang had control over most
cities, left rural areas under
control of landlords and
remaining pro-GMD warlords
 Mao still thought major threat
was from Japan
 Jiang thinks Japan too strong,
focused on CCP
 5th encirclement most
successful
 Slow movements, economic
blockade
Long March – Effects on Mao
 Led to Long March
 Calls for change in
leadership
 Zunyi Conference in January
1936
 Zhou Enlai and others
support Mao over Li De
 Took over control of military,
reverted to guerrilla warfare
Mao’s Consolidation

Mao faced opposition internally

Long March had been symbolic, but
numbers decimated

Yan’an isolated away from GMD
 Build up base and gather support
against Japanese

GMD still refused to fight the Japanese

Zhang Xueliang, 2nd in command of GMD,
sent to fight Red Army
 CCP appealed to him to work together
 Jiang went to meet Zhang to find out
what was wrong, Zhang placed him
under house arrest

Dec. 1936, Second United Front

Sino-Japanese War in 1937
Mao Consolidation
 Yan’an is where Mao’s
revision of Marxism began
 Urban-Proletariat to RuralPeasantry
 Aided by Chen Boda, his
secretary
 Cult of Mao emerging
 1943, Chairman of the
Central Committee and
Chairman of the Politburo
 Preamble of the 1945
Constitution included him
Sino-Japanese War and
Consequences

Japan moved south, took much of the
coast

War became a stalemate until U.S. entry
into WWII in 1941

Jiang content with inaction

“The Japanese are a disease of the skin,
but the communists are a disease of the
heart”

1939 Jiang ordered attacks on the CCP
 Withdrew financial support

Other problems for Jiang
 Corruption in army
 Food shortages, rice sacks full of sand
 Conscription policy
 Peasantry hit hardest
Sino-Japanese War and
Consequences
 Jiang’s leadership more dictatorial




Contradictory orders, ignored
reports or corruption, inflation
Cities in China with different
exchange rates
Press censored, secret police
everywhere
Losing support of intellectuals and
cities
 USA aid of $500 million to GMD


Relations with Generals up and
down
Would not work with Mao
 Abrupt end to war in August 1945
Sino-Japanese War and
Consequences
 Mao used Rectification
Campaigns to eliminate
divisions by 1945
 Rectification Movement of
1942 purged the party of
undesirable elements and
revising Maoist thought
 Principles of “Mass Line,”
organizing study sessions
among communists
 Guerrilla warfare had been
successful
 Seen as true nationalists, the
people’s force
Civil War 46-49, Mao’s Rise

China now a part of the Cold War
 Soviets want Manchuria for resources
 USA afraid of communism in Asia
 USA trying to broker agreement





between CCP and GMD to ensure a
stable non-communist China
Truce arranged that lasted until July
1946
By 1948, GMD cause lost
January 1949, Jiang resigns
presidency and prepared to move to
Taiwan
Mao announces PRC October 1949
Mao ready for agricultural and social
transformation to create a unified
socialist state