Transcript Chapter 13 The Rise of Dictators and World War II

The
Rise of Dictators
and World War II
Main Idea – The rise
of dictators in
Europe and Asia
helped lead to World
War II.
.
The Great Depression had ruined
economies in Europe. Many
Europeans turned to new leaders to
solve their problems.
Who were the dictators that came to
power in Europe?
Totalitarian
• Expected active loyalty and
commitment
• control of political, economic,
social and cultural aspects of life
• led by a single leader and party
• not interested in individual
freedom (civil liberties)
• used modern technology and
propaganda
Who were these dictators?
Who were these dictators?
-Adolf Hitler, Germany
-Josef Stalin, U.S.S.R.
-Benito Mussolini, Italy
-Francisco Franco, Spain
-Tojo and Other Militarists, Japan
What made them dictators?
What made them dictators?
-Authoritarian Rule
-Nationalism
-Expansion
-Totalitarian Government
What made them different?
-Communism
-Fascism
-Nazism
-Japanese Militarists
Why did people support dictators?
VS.
Why did people support dictators?
- Success of authoritarians
- Weakness of democracies
- Pride of nationalism
- Promise of growth
- Rise in power during a time of decline
-For some fascism was a defense against
Communism
What’s the harm?
- The trains ran on time
- They beat the Depression
- The Five Year Plans succeeded
- These nations had real needs to fill
- They inspired their people
What’s the harm?
- Jewish persecution
- Racial oppression
- Brutal police states
- Attack on Ethiopia
- Invasion of Manchuria
- Seizure of the Rhineland and the
Sudetenland
Why did the other nations
of the world stand by?
Why did the other nations of the
world stand by?
- Fear of another Great War
- U.S. was bound to Neutrality
- Lack of preparation
- Was this the war people were
expecting?
Who am I?
Adolf Hitler
•Germany – Adolf Hitler – leader of
the fascist National Socialist
German Workers’ Party – or Nazi
Party.
• Hitler used his image as a father figure
• Hitler extinguished dissent
• Hitler used an organized program to
keep his kids occupied
•
Pope of Rome, Joseph Ratzinger, was also kept busy as a boy as a
part of this same "Hitler Youth".)
• Hitler gathered the children into
frequent rallies
• Hitler used uniforms
• Hitler used the Jews as a focus of
blame
• Hitler used a propaganda program
• Hitler installed "spies" within these
ranks of children
Adolph Hitler 1889-1945
Der Fuhrer
•
•
•
•
•
•
born in Austria-early life in Vienna
core of beliefs- anti-Semitic
wrote “Mein Kampf” in jail in 20’s
built Nazi party on dissatisfaction
won over elite and establishment
fear of communists- largest party
–became chancellor
• Reichtag burned-emergency powers
European
• Italy – Benito Mussolini – began a
political movement – fascism – an
extreme form of nationalism and
racism.
Mussolini
• Preached a government called
Fascism – includes intense
patriotism & nationalism
• Very much linked to racism and
cultural superiority
Benito Mussolini 1883-1945
Il Duce
• First Fascist Dictator
• Italy- in political and economic crisis
• had support of middle class seeking
stability
• 1922- march on Rome- Victor Emmanuel
made him PM
• Could legislate by decree, police state
• Created Young Fascists- Never really in
control of all culture/society
Fascism vs Nazism
• Fascism (fascio) “union of
bundle”: State is the most
important element
• Nazism (National Socialism):
emphasis on racism
“Aryanism”
Fascism vs Communism
• Communism stands for a
stateless society where all is
equal
• Fascism: pertains to state and
it considers state on top of
everything: radical
authoritarian nationalism
Soviet Union
- Joseph Stalin – the Communist
dictator took over upon the
death of Vladimir Lenin (led the
Communist takeover of Russia in
1917.) His government tried to
control every aspect of life in the
nation.
• Joseph Stalin and the USSR
Communist State
• Similar to Total state
• oppression of the masses
• ownership of production and land by
the state
• forced rapid industrialization ,cruel
• purges- wondered who was in power
Who am I?
Emperor
Hirohito
Japan
Totalitarian
State
General Hideki Tojo
Prime Minister
JAPAN
• Japan – The military was
gaining more and more
power with army General
Hideki Tojo having more
power than the Emperor
Hirohito.
Who am I?
Francisco Franco
Spain
Fascist who overthrows the
democratic government in
Spanish Civil War
Who am I?
Winston Churchill
Great Britain
Who am I?
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
United States
Countries That
Threatened World Peace
Japan
•Military leaders took control of gov’t
•Invaded Manchuria
•Tried to expand in the Pacific
•Joined the Axis Powers in 1940
Japan Invades Manchuria, 1931
1931 – Japan attacks
Manchuria in northern
China
Japan wants more
natural resources for
its growing population
(Manchuria is rich in
natural resources)
Countries That
Threatened World Peace
Italy
•Mussolini seized control of the gov’t
and the military and formed a fascist
state
•Italy formed alliance with Germany
called the Axis Powers
•Invaded Ethiopia in 1936
•Supported Franco in Spain’s civil war
Italy Attacks Ethiopia, 1935
Emperor
Haile
Selassie
Countries That
Threatened World Peace
Germany
•Dictator and fascist Adolph
Hitler took control in 1934
•created a totalitarian state
•built up Germany’s army
Germany Invades the
Rhineland
March 7, 1936
Germany Begins Conquests
1936 – Hitler moves
troops into the
Rhineland (German
region near the
French border)
WWI treaty said no
German troops here
French Gov’t and
League of Nations –
TAKE NO ACTION
Hitler begins his own Conquests
1938 – Hitler and the
Germans invade
Austria (most
Austrians spoke
German and
welcomed becoming a
part of Germany)
But…Hitler and the
Germans were
expanding – and the
WWI treaty told them
The Sudetenland
After taking Austria –
Hitler wants more
His next desire is the
Sudetenland in
Czechoslovakia
The Czechs didn’t
want to give this area
to Germany – nor did
France and Russia
“Appeasement” at Munich
The British step in to
offer a peace and avoid
war
British Prime Minister
Neville Chamberlain
meets with Hitler in
Munich, Germany
They agree to give
Hitler the
Sudetenland
Hitler has to promise
he is done seeking
territory
Reactions to Munich
• Neville Chamberlain, • Winston Churchill, the
the British Prime
future Prime Minister,
Minister who came
said: “Britain and
up with the
France had to choose
agreement, said that
between war and
he had achieved
shame. They chose
“peace in our time”
shame. They will get
war, too.”
Hitler breaks his promise: Germany
Starts the War
• After being given Sudetenland – Hitler
takes the rest of Czechoslovakia
• Hitler signs a Non-Aggression Pact
with Stalin and the Soviet Union (they
agree to not make war on each other) –
now France and Britain have lost an
ally
• Immediately after – Germany invades
Poland (France & Britain declare war on
Germany) WWII officially begins
The Nazi-Soviet
Non-Aggression Pact, 1939
Foreign Ministers
von Ribbentrop & Molotov
• Germany and Russia started secret
talks while Germany was negotiating
with Great Britain and France.
– Terms of Non Aggression pact:
– Will not attack each other
– Will remain neutral if either is attacked
• What was not announced to the
world:
Hitler and Stalin agreed to divide
parts of Eastern Europe
Germany – Western Poland
Soviets - Eastern Poland,
Baltic countries
German Aggression!
Lightning War - Hitler invades Poland
World War II
CAUSES
(Long Term)
•WWI (the harsh conditions of the Treaty of
Versailles)
•Dictators come to power in Germany, Italy, Japan,
and the Soviet Union
•Severe economic problems exist in Europe and
Asia.
•Italy, Germany, and Japan expand their territory.
•The policy of appeasement fails.
Immediate Causes
•Germany invades Poland.
•Japanese attack the U.S.
naval base at Pearl Harbor
One of the
VonTrapp
children in the
Sound of Music
calls it The
“angry spider”.
Even today, neo
nazi groups and
other hate
groups use it to
represent their
programs of
prejudice.
German Aggression
Nazi Blitzkrieg
April - May
1940
Hitler conquers Denmark, Norway,
Belgium, and the Netherlands
Defeated and forced to
acknowledge the Nazi
government.
April 1940
The Miracle of Dunkirk
Bombing damage in
France.
June 22, 1940
France surrenders
September 1940
U.S. passes first peacetime draft
German Aggression
Battle of Britain
Autumn 1940 - daily air raids
over Britain - Unable to defeat
the British quickly!
German Aggression
Despite their partnership – Hitler and Stalin
distrusted each other. (There is no honor
among thieves or dictators.)
•June1941 Germany invades the Soviet Union
•September 1941 – January 1944 German
troops surround the city. The Siege of
Leningrad - - lasted 872 days
•December 1941 – German advance to
Moscow – harshest winter in decades. The
weather and the Soviets push them back.
Dec.
1940
The
LendLease
Policy
allows
U.S.
to give
Allies
help.
Atlantic Charter
Prime Minister Winston Churchill
President Franklin Roosevelt
Discuss allied goals: the right of all people to
self-determination, freedom of speech, freedom
of religion, free from want, and freedom from
fear.
Ford Island,
seen on 10
October
1941 from
much the
same angle
as Japanese
bomber
pilots
viewed it on
7 December.
National
Archives
Photo 80-G279375
183 aircraft of the first attack wave were
launched from the six Imperial
Japanese Navy carriers; Akagi, Kaga,
Soryu, Hiru, Zuikaku and Shokaku, 230
miles North of O'ahu at 6:00 A.M. - They
were ordered to attack at 0750 A.M. by
Lt. Commander Mitsuo Fuchida.
• At approximately 7:15 A.M. the second
wave of aircraft was launched and 170
more aircraft were on their way to Pearl
Harbor.
Shattered by a direct hit, the
USS Arizona burns and sinks,
December 7, 1941.
Damage at Pearl Harbor
Aerial view of the USS
Arizona Memorial
FDR calls this “a date which will
live in infamy”, and Congress
declares that a state of war
exists with Japan.
Deployment of attacking Japanese
aircraft
At approximately 7:15 A.M. the second wave of aircraft was launched
and 170 more aircraft were on their way to Pearl Harbor.
Roosevelt signs the Declaration of War
With only 450 feet of
'runway,' one of sixteen
Army B-25 Mitchell
bombers takes off from
the deck of the USS
HORNET on its way to
take part in the Doolittle
Raid, the first U.S.
bombing raid on Japan.
The all volunteer strike
force, trained and led
by Lt. Col. James
Doolittle, flew 800 miles
then bombed Tokyo and
3 other cities without
opposition. The raid
inflicted little damage
but gave a big boost to
Allied morale in the face
of the seemingly
unstoppable Japanese.
April 18, 1942.
Doolittle’s Raid
Major Events Review
1936 Germany and Italy form Axis Powers.
Civil war erupts in Spain.
1938 Germany annexes Austria (think the Sound of
Music - true story.)
Britain and France allow Germany to annex the
Sudetenland in the Munich Agreement.
1939 Germany invades Czechoslovakia.
Germany signs nonaggression pact with the Soviet
Union.
Germany invades Poland, Sept. 1, 1939.
Britain and France declare war on Germany, Sept. 3
1940 Japan joins the Axis Powers
Germany invades France.
Battle of Britain fought.
1941 Germany invades the Soviet Union.
December 7 - Japan attacks United
States at Pearl Harbor.
The United States enters the war.
1941 June - British stop Axis advance in Africa at
the Battle of El Alamein.
September - Germans attack Soviet Union city
of Stalingrad.
November - American forces join tlhe Allies
in North Africa.
•
February Soviets win the Battle of
Stalingrad.
War in Africa and
Europe
Section 2
The Allies defeated the
Axis Powers in Europe
and in Africa.
During World War II, the
United States assumed a
leading role in world affairs
that continues today.
Terms to Know:
1. Dwight D. Eisenhower – U.S. general who led
the Allied Forces in Europe.
2. D-Day – Allied invasion of France in June 1944
to liberate Europe.
3. Battle of the Bulge – Germany’s last major
attack.
4. Yalta Conference – Meeting of Allied leaders to
discuss the end of the war plans.
5. Holocaust – Systematic murder of millions of
Jews and other people in Europe by the Nazis.
6. Anti-Semitism – hostility or discrimination
against Jews.
6. Anti-Semitism – hostility or discrimination against
Jews.
7. Persecute – to continuously treat others in a way
meant to be cruel and harmful.
8. Genocide – the deliberate destruction of a racial,
political, or cultural group.
9. The Holocaust – complete destruction of life on
purpose – usually by fire. This term refers to the
murder of 6 million Jews and 5 million others by
the Nazis in WWII.
10.The Final Solution – Hitler’s plan to exterminate
“inferior” people such as Jews, the handicapped,
political enemies, and others that did not conform.
Erwin Rommel
Commander of the Nazi
forces in North Africa
The Panzer IV was the mainstay
of the Afrika Corps
and were needed in great
numbers in the
Western Desert
North African Campaign
Operation Torch
Purposes:
•Drive Axis powers out of North Africa
and Middle East
•Divert German forces from Russian
Front
Strategy: Sandwich Afrikan Corp between
British in East and Allied forces (including
US) in West
July - August 1943,
Operation "Husky": Allied forces invade Sicily, Italy.
This Operation was the greatest Airborne-Amphibious
Operation of WWII until D-DAY
3,000 ships and landing-craft with 160,000 men
(8 Divisions), 14,000 vehicles, 600 tanks and 1800 guns.
Operation continues in Sicily and Italy 1943-1945
Operation
Husky
Invasion
of Italy
First Allied attacks on Monte Cassino
Landing on Omaha Beach
Landing on the beach was difficult.
1. Surprise attack
2. Poor weather conditions
3. German fortifications
13 June, 1944 - till 20 June,
V-1 named "Vergeltungswaffe". Germany launches its
first V-1 rocket attack on England,
•8000 V-1's fired to London.
•Up to 100 V-1s fell every hour on London.
•Over an 80 day period, more than 6,000 persons were
killed.
Those witnessing the
event cannot explain
the cause of the
explosion because the
speed of the
projectile is such that
it arrives before the
sound of its passage is
heard.
Launched a V-2 rocket.
8 September 1944,
7 November 1944,
Franklin D. Roosevelt is elected to an unprecedented fourth
term as President of the United States.
Last major offensive German action.
"The Battle of the Bulge”
December 1944 - January 1945
Yalta Conference
•FDR, Stalin, Churchill
•Meet to decide what happens next
in Europe
•Stalin wants complete control of
eastern Europe.
•FDR and Churchill refuse!
•Agree to divide Germany into
occupied zones
•Agree to set up the United
Nations
12 April 1945,
U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt dies; he is
succeeded by his Vice-president, Harry S. Truman.
• April 1945, "United Nations" formed in
San Francisco.
• 28 April 1945, Benito Mussolini, and
sixteen of Mussolini's body-guards are
assassinated in the village of Giulino di
Messegra, on Lake Como, Italy.
• 30 April 1945, Adolf Hitler, Eva Braun,
Goebbels and his wife commit suicide in
the bunker under the Reich Chancellery
in Berlin, Germany
Germany
Surrenders!
Victory in
Europe
8 May 1945,
V-E Day Victory in
Europe is
celebrated.
Concentration Camps
January 1945 - Red Army liberates Auschwitz, finds convincing
evidence of SS atrocities of the Holocaust.
Section 3 After early losses, the Allies
defeated the Japanese in the Pacific.
Section 3 Terms to Know
1. Bataan Death March – Forced march of captured Americans
and Filipinos in the Philippines.
2. Island hopping – Strategy of invading Japanese – held islands
and moving ever closer to Japan.
3. General Douglas MacArthur – “I shall return,” are his
words after FDR orders him to withdraw from the Philippines in
March 1942. (same guy – drove out the WWI Bonus Army.)
4. Battle of Coral Sea – 1st time in Naval history, enemy ships
fought a battle without seeing each other – aircraft carriers’
war planes fought the battle. No clear victory for either side
but America blocks their path to Australia. (May 1942)
5. Battle of Midway – naval battle between American and
Japanese forces – won by Americans. (June 1942)
6. Battle for Guadalcanal – After 6 months of fierce
fighting, the US wins first major land victory against
the Japanese. ( Feb. 1943)
7. Navajo Code Talkers – Navajo Indians were
trained to used their native language to communicate
coded messages so the Japanese couldn’t decode our
messages.
8. March 1945 – MacArthur returns and liberates
Manila, Philippines.
9. Kamikaze – Japanese suicide pilot
10. Iwo Jima and Okinawa – Fiercely fought battles for
these two islands places Americans close enough to
begin major bombings of Japan.
11. Manhattan Project – Secret program to build
an atomic bomb. Led by American scientist, J.
Robert Oppenheimer. Worked for 3 years to
develop and test the world’s first atomic bomb.
12. Enola Gay – the name of the B-29 bomber that
dropped the atomic bomb.
13. Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan – The US
dropped bombs on these two cities after issuing a
warning to surrender or face complete
destruction.
14. September 2, 1945 – Japan signed the
official letter of surrender, ending the war.
Map of the Japanese Empire at its height in 1942.
Allied POWs with hands tied behind their backs pause during the
Bataan Death March. About 76,000 prisoners including 12,000
Americans were forced on the 60 mile march under a blazing sun
without food or water toward a new POW camp in the Philippines. April,
1942.
Island hopping was the
Pacific strategy
GIs waded ashore on islands with strange names.
Like Tarawa and Bougainville
Every island posed new
dangers.
The Army Air Corps needed airfields within range of the Japanese.
Letters home
were sent by
“V MAIL”
The “V”
was for
VICTORY.
Marines of the 5th Division inch their way up a slope on Red Beach No.
1 toward Mount Suribachi on Iwo Jima, defended by seven Japanese
Battalions. By nightfall, 566 Marines were killed and 1,854 wounded.
February 19, 1945.
19 February 1945, (till 26 March).
•US Marines divisions land on Iwo Jima
In the Pacific Iwo Jima is strategically and politically
important to both sides. The Americans need the island as a
fighter base (Mustangs P-51 fighters) for their Japanese
raids (B-29's) and a relief base for damaged bombers.
•On the first day some 30,000 marines landed on the 8
square mile island. About 23,000 Japanese soldiers had
prepared defences but allowed the landing to take place
before opening fire. The Japanese had prepared for the
invasion with a system of underground tunnels, bunkers, and
pillboxes, designed to entrap and decimate the Americans.
•Over the next 36 days - 6,281 US soldiers are killed (in the
first 2 days, 4000 US soldiers died), and 21,865 are
wounded in capturing the island from 23,000 defenders.
21,000 Japanese soldiers died.
23 February
1945,
U.S. Marines
plant a U.S. flag
on Mount
Suribachi, Iwo
Jima.
The flag raising
photo and
subsequent
statue came to
symbolize being a
Marine.
26 May 1945,
Tokyo, Japan is fire bombed by American bombers.
The city burns, uncontrolled, for two days.
•26 June 1945,
Fifty nations meet in San Francisco, California (USA)
and sign the World Security Charter formally establishing
the United Nations.
•4 July 1945,
General Douglas MacArthur announces the liberation of
the Philippines.
•21 July 1945,
The U.S. delivers a final ultimatum to the Japanese, quit
the war or face total destruction.
•24 July 1945,
• At the Potsdam Conference in defeated Germany,
President Truman told Stalin only that the U.S. "had a new
weapon of unusual destructive force."
Col. Paul W. Tibbets, pilot of
the B-29 Superfortress ENOLA
GAY, drops the world's first
atomic bomb, Little Boy, on
Hiroshima.
The 9,000 lb. bomb was
dropped from 31,600 feet and
detonated at 8:15 a.m., August
6, 1945, about 1,900 feet
above the center of Hiroshima.
A blinding light, tremendous
explosion and dark gray cloud
enveloped the city, followed by
a rising mushroom shaped
cloud.
The Japanese estimated
72,000 were killed and 70,000
out of 76,000 buildings in the
city were destroyed.
Enola Gay
At the time of
the bombing,
Hiroshima was a
prosperous city of
nearly 320,000.
The bomb
exploded almost
directly over the
center of the
city. Two square
miles of the city
were completely
leveled by the
bomb, and the
intense heat
generated by the
explosion started
fires as far as
two miles
from ground zero.
About one hour after the bombing on
6 August 1945.
A Roman Catholic cathedral on a hill is all that remains in this section
of Nagasaki following the dropping of the second Atomic Bomb from
a B-29 flown by Major Charles W. Sweeney, August 9, 1945. The
Japanese estimated 25,680 were killed and 44 percent of the city
was destroyed.
•8 August 1945, The Soviet Union declares war on Japan. Soviet
forces invade Manchuria and North-Korea.
•9 August 1945, The world's second (and last) atomic bomb
(Plutonium), Fat Man, is dropped on Nagasaki, Japan.
One minute after explosion 39,000 were killed and 25,000
wounded.
•14 August 1945, Emperor Hirohito announces the Japan defeat to
his people. Japan accepts an unconditional surrender. The
fear of more atomic weapon attacks and the certainty of land
defeat by the Soviets have combined to secure the
complete surrender.
•2 September 1945, Japanese Foreign Minister Mamoru
Shigemitsu signs the instrument of surrender aboard the battleship
U.S.S. Missouri in Tokyo Bay, Japan.
End of World War II.
Sept 2, 1945
Japanese sign surrender
agreement
Gen. Douglas MacArthur signs as
Supreme Allied Commander during
formal surrender ceremonies on the USS
MISSOURI in Tokyo Bay.
Gen. Douglas MacArthur signs as Supreme Allied
Commander during formal surrender ceremonies on the
USS MISSOURI in Tokyo Bay. September 2, 1945.