Transcript File - History and Social Studies

Unit 4: A World Divided and United?
How stable was the post-World War II era?
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Was the post WWII era a period of stability?
Impact of breakdown of USA-USSR alliance
Impact of communist victory in China
Impact of economic recovery, cooperation and
development
• Circumstances leading up to Korean War and its
impact
• Circumstances leading to the Cuban missile
crisis
Cold War?
• A cold war is often referred to as a war that
involves intense competition between two rival
nations who do not confront each other in an all
out war that involves military confrontation.
However, many historians argue that the Cold
War was a specific period in history that involved
the two post-war superpowers, the USSR and
the USA. The Cold War is over and no other
similar events or periods in history could claim
the title. Think about it…
End of war in Europe
• 6 June 1944 – D-Day (Allied landings on
the beaches of Normandy, France)
• August 1944 – Paris freed from Nazi rule
• 30 April – Adolf Hitler commits suicide
• Berlin falls – Soviet forces advance from
the East, Allied forces move in from the
West
• 7 May 1945 – German forces surrender
Yalta Conference
Joseph
Joseph
Stalin
Stalin
Churchill
Churchill
Roosevelt
Roosevelt
Yalta Conference
• Once defeated, Germany would be divided
into four zones – American, British,
French, Soviet.
• Berlin, the capital, would also be divided
into four zones.
• The division was supposed to be
temporary.
Division of Germany
BERLIN
The Iron Curtain
‘Iron Curtain Speech’
It is my duty however, for I am sure you would wish me
to state the facts as I see them to you, to place before
you certain facts about the present position in Europe.
From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an
iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind
that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central
and Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna,
Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia, all these
famous cities and the populations around them lie in
what I must call the Soviet sphere, and all are subject in
one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a
very high and, in many cases, increasing measure of
control from Moscow.
- Winston Churchill
Truman Doctrine
• 12 March, 1947
• Also known as containment policy
• USA’s effort to help democratic countries
counter communism
• A means to force communism to remain
within its borders
• Money, weapons, fuel to help countries
threatened by communism (e.g. Greece,
Turkey)
How did the Cold War affect
Europe?
• Europe was divided
- ‘Iron Curtain’
- USSR set up communist governments in
Eastern European countries
- Soviet Satellite States
- Deployment of Soviet Troops
How did the Cold War affect
Europe?
• Germany was divided
- 1948, Britain, France and the USA joined
their separate zones and created a new
German currency to help the German
economy recover (West Germany)
- East Germany was ruled by a communist
party under Soviet control
Deutsche Mark
•
Official currency of West
Germany and later on, united
Germany
Berlin Blockade
Berlin Blockade
What does this
cartoon tell you about
the Soviet reaction to
the Berlin Airlift?
Berlin Blockade
• Airlift Facts
• The blockade lasted 318 days (11 months).
• In the winter of 1948–49 Berliners lived on dried
potatoes, powdered eggs and cans of meat. They had
4 hours of electricity a day.
• 275,000 flights carried in 1½ million tons of supplies. A
plane landed every 3 mins.
• On 16 April 1949, 1400 flights brought in 13,000 tons of
supplies in one day – Berlin only needed 6,000 tons a
day to survive.
• Some pilots dropped chocolate and sweets.
• The USA stationed B-29 bombers (which could carry an
atomic bomb) in Britain.
Marshall Plan
• Plan that offered financial help
to Europe
• To help Europe recover from
WWII
• To build a prosperous and
successful Western bloc to
resist communism
• Western Europe recovered and
grew faster than Eastern
Europe
• In response, USSR set up
COMECON (Council for Mutual
Economic Cooperation)
SOURCE A
• This cartoon of 1946
shows Britain and
America trying to get the
'lorry' (representing the
German economy) going,
while the Russian sits
smugly on his motorbike,
having stolen the wheels.
• What do you think is the
message of this
cartoonist?
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
(NATO)
Warsaw Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and
Mutual Assistance
(Warsaw Pact)
NATO v.s. WARSAW PACT
How did the Cold War affect the
rest of the world?
How did the Cold War affect the
rest of the world?
• Mao Zedong announced the creation of the
People’s Republic of China on 1 October 1949
• China formed communist alliance with the USSR
• USA feared Sino-Soviet alliance
• USA feared that USSR would give China the
technology to build nuclear weapons
• USA saw communism as a single, united enemy
that was determined to control the world
How did the Cold War affect the
rest of the world?
• Japan becomes the USA’s main anticommunist ally
• The USA strengthened Japan’s economy
and introduced democratic reforms
• US-Japan Mutual Security Treaty – USA
promised to come to Japan’s defence if
Japan was attacked, USA was allowed to
station troops in Japan
Japan becomes the USA’s main anticommunist ally
How did the Cold War affect the
rest of the world?
• USA searched for other allies in Asia
• Formed alliance with Kuomintang (Taiwan)
• Sent troops to support anti-communist
governments in South Korea and South
Vietnam
• USA competed with the USSR to search
for allies in the Middle East and Africa
• In doing so they often supported cruel and
corrupt regimes
Case Study 1: The Korean War
Source A
Washington got word of the invasion …….. which arrived before the official cable to
the State Department. President Harry Truman and the United Nations, which had
supervised the elections in South Korea, were notified. Trygve Lie, Secretary General
of the U.N., declared, "This is war against the United Nations." President Truman
ordered Five-Star General Douglas MacArthur, U.S. Commander in the Far East,
headquartered in Tokyo, to provide logistical support for the ROKs (Republic of
Korea) while the U.N. called for withdrawal of North Korean troops. When this appeal
was ignored, the U.N. called for its members to ". . . furnish such assistance to the
Republic of Korea as may be necessary to repel the armed attack and to restore
international peace and security to the area." Truman ordered U.S. naval and air
forces to assist the ROKs. After a personal reconnaissance revealed the plight of the
ROK troops, General MacArthur advised that only U.S. ground troops could halt the
invasion. These were ordered to Korea on June 30th by the President, his most
difficult decision while in office.
- Adpated from, A BRIEF ACCOUNT OF THE KOREAN WAR
By Jack D. Walker
Case Study 1: The Korean War
Source B
The North Korean invasion of South Korea on June 25, 1950, in a narrow sense was
only an escalation of a continuing civil war among Koreans that began with Japan’s
defeat in 1945. In a larger sense, the invasion marked the eruption of the Cold War
between the United States and the USSR into open hostilities because each of the
Great Powers backed one of the competing Korean governments. The war that
followed would devastate Korea, lead to a large expansion of the U.S. armed forces
and America’s military presence around the world, and frustrate many on both sides
by ending in an armistice that left the peninsula still divided.
- American Military History, Volume 2
Case Study 1: The Korean War
NORTH
SOUTH
Case Study 1: The Korean War
Impact of the Korean War
- Korea (2.5 million Korean deaths, 80% of
factories and transport network damaged,
Korea is still divided, the DMZ is the
world’s most heavily armed area)
Case Study 1: The Korean War
Impact of the Korean War
- China (Showed the world that China was a
major military power that could match a
powerful country like the USA, First time
USA and China had fought each other,
China demanded a seat in the United
Nations)
Case Study 1: The Korean War
Impact of the Korean War
- USA ( Formed a network of military
alliances e.g NATO, SEATO, ANZUS, built
up the size of its armed forces in the Asia
Pacific, growth of US military might)
Case Study 1: The Korean War
Impact of the Korean War
- Japan became a key partner to the US in
Asia. The Korean War helped Japan’s
economy to expand as it became a
production and supply base for the US.
Case Study 1: The Korean War
Impact of the Korean War
- The Korean War brought the cold war to
Asia. It was now no longer just a European
conflict. It was also no longer just a war
between super powers.
Case Study 2: The Cuban Missile
Crisis
CUBA
CUBA
Case Study 2: The Cuban Missile
Crisis
• 15 October 1962 – U2 spy plane took
photographs that showed several Soviet
nuclear missiles in Cuba
• 22 October 1962 – Kennedy orders a
naval and air blockade of Cuba
• Aerial
Photograph
of Missiles in
Cuba (1962)
MRBM
Launch Site
2 San
Cristobal 1
November
1962; United
States
Department
of Defense
Case Study 2: The Cuban Missile
Crisis
• 24 October 1962 – Soviet ships with
submarine escorts arrive at the blockade
• 27 October 1962
- U2 spy plane shot down
- Kennedy agrees to make a statement
that US would not invade Cuba
- Secretly, US agrees to remove its
missiles from Turkey
Case Study 2: The Cuban Missile
Crisis
• Impact of the Crisis
- Better US-Soviet relations (Direct Hotline between
Washington and Moscow)
- Led to more stable superpower relations
(Mutually Assured Destruction)
- Cuba remained a communist state
- Khrushchev’s fall from power
- Tense Soviet-China relations
Source A
•
Once all the missiles are in place, we will be able to attack any city in the USA. The
Americans will learn just what it feels like to have enemy missiles pointing at them;
we’d be doing nothing more than giving them a little of their own medicine. The
missiles are meant to frighten, not to be fired.
- Soviet President Khrushchev
- What was Khrushchev’s reason for installing nuclear missiles in Cuba?
-What event / incident do you think Khrushchev was referring
reffering to when he said, what it feels
like to have enemy missiles pointing at them’.
Source A
•
What is the cartoonist
trying to say about the
Cuban Missile Crisis?
Was the End of the Cold War
Inevitable?
• Mikhail Gorbachev
• Leader of USSR from
1988 to 1991
• Played an influential role
in the breakup of the
USSR
USSR - 1988
Why wasn’t communism working?
Internal Reasons:
- Inefficient economy
people could not get what they want
could not get basic necessities
Why wasn’t communism working?
Internal Reasons:
- Poor decisions by central government
- Slow decisions by central government
- No quality control
- No incentives to work hard
- Excessive spending on military
- Few consumer goods
Why wasn’t communism working?
Internal Reasons:
- Farms and Factories were not improved
- Inefficient transport and distribution
- Basic needs of the people not met
Why wasn’t communism working?
Ineffective government
- Not willing to change
- Conservative and corrupt leaders
- People not interested in improving the
government
Why wasn’t communism working?
External Reasons
- Arms Race /
Space Race
- Ronald
Reagan’s
Star Wars
programme
Why wasn’t communism working?
External Reasons
- Anti-Soviet feelings in the republics
- Increased spending