Transcript Cold War - White Plains Public Schools

THE COLD
WAR
Eliseo Lugo III
COLD WAR UNIT OBJECTIVES:
By the end of this unit, students will be able to:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Explain how the relationships among the Allies broke down after World War 2
Describe how the United States attempted to limit the spread of communism.
Describe key worldwide events in 1949 that further fueled the Cold War.
Compare and contrast the ideologies of capitalists and communists
Explicate how the Cold War led to a Red Scare in the United States.
Clarify how the Cold War turned into an Arms Race.
Identify how communism gained influence in Latin America.
Identify and explain the problems of the postwar economy
Explain the effects of a changing society on the lives of Americans during the
1950’s
Compare and contrast life in the suburbs with life in the cities.
Explain how the situation in Korea became the Korean War, the first military
conflict of the Cold War.
Describe how the Korean War ended.
Describe how the Cold War divided the emerging countries in Asia and Africa
Explain why Cuba became a crisis spot during the Cold War.
COLD WAR?
The tension and rivalry between the
USA and the USSR was described as
the Cold War (1945-1990).
 There was never a real war between
the two sides between 1945 and 1990,
but they were often very close to war
(Hotspots).
 Both sides got involved in other
conflicts in the world to either stop the
spread of communism (USA) or help
the spread (USSR).

COLD WAR CHARACTERISTICS
• Political, strategic and ideological struggle
between the US and the USSR that spread
throughout the world
• Struggle that contained everything short of
war
• Competing social and economic ideologies
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Post-World War 2 Germany
GERMANY - DIVIDED


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Germany, which had been
ruled by the Hitler and the
Nazis until their defeat in
1945 was split in two.
The Allies divided up control
over Germany after the
War.
The western side became
West Germany and the
eastern side became East
Germany.
East Germany became
another communist country.
AFTER WORLD WAR 2 THE COLD WAR
BEGAN AND CAUSED TENSION
THROUGHOUT THE WORLD.

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The USA and the USSR
(Soviet Union) were the
two world Superpowers.
The USA was a capitalist
society with a democracy.
The USSR was a communist
country with a
dictatorship.
Both wanted to be the
most powerful nation in
the world.
COMMUNISM
A system in
which goods
are owned in
common
and are
available to
all as needed
COMMUNISM


Advantages:
 Everyone gets something (equal)
 No unemployment
 Healthcare for all citizens
 Cooperation of the people (work for the country to
benefit)
Disadvantages:
 Abuse of power
 Restrictions- no freedom of speech, press, no
religious practices
 Censorship
 Against ethnic diversity
 Government controls property- very little if any,
could own private property
 Individual doesn’t compete, in some ways lazy and
does not need to strive for more
CAPITALISM
A system based
on private
ownership and
on investment
of money in
business in
order to make
a profit.
Capitalism

Advantages:






You can own property
Individuals can
prosper/competition for wages
Freedom of speech, press, religion
Embrace ethnic diversity
Makes the individual work worth something
Disadvantages:




Poverty
Not everyone has healthcare
Monopolies- control too much business
Creates inequalities (ex: rich vs poor, have vs have not)
POST WWII/COLD WAR GOALS FOR UNITED STATES
Promote open markets for US
goods to prevent another
depression
 Promote democracy
throughout
the world, especially in Asia
and Africa
 Stop the spread of
communism

“Domino
Effect”
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THE DOMINO EFFECT
The USSR had a lot of influence over
many of the new communist countries
(especially those in Europe).
 The USA was very worried that the
USSR’s influence over these countries
was making the USSR and communism
more powerful.
 The USA did not want communism to
spread any further – they were worried
about the domino effect (one country
becomes communist, then another,
then another etc)

POST WWII/COLD WAR GOALS FOR USSR
Create
greater security for itself
 lost tens of millions of people in WWII and
Stalin’s purges
 feared a strong Germany
Establish defensible borders
Encourage friendly governments on its
borders
Spread communism around the world
Excerpt from Winston
Churchill’s “Iron Curtain
Speech.”
“From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the
Adriatic an iron curtain has descended
across the Continent. Behind that line lie all
the capitals of the ancient states of Central
and Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin,
Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade,
Bucharest and Sofia, all these famous cities
and the populations around them lie in what
I must call the Soviet sphere, and all are
subject in one form or another, not only to
Soviet influence but to a very high and, in
some cases, increasing measure of control
from Moscow.”
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STUDENT PRACTICE/APPLICATION
1. Read pages 836-841 in your American
History Textbook.
 2. Answer all checkpoint questions.
 3. Utilize all information from PowerPoint
presentation, your reading, and knowledge of
Social Studies when completing the Checkpoint
questions.
 4. Complete Exit Ticket Question

TODAY’S OBJECTIVES: BY THE END OF CLASS,
STUDENTS WILL BE ABLE TO:
1. Identify the problems of the postwar
economy.
 2. Explain the effects of a changing society on
the lives of Americans during the 1950’s.
 3. Contrast life in the suburbs with life in the
cities.

A TIME OF PROSPERITY

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During World War 2,
consumer goods were in
short supply.
At the conclusion of
World War 2, Americans
were eager to buy new
consumer goods.
Since demand exceeded
the supply of consumer
goods available,
inflation occurred.
Inflation is an overall
rise in the cost of goods
and services.
A TIME OF PROSPERITY

The Taft- Hartley Act
increased the role of the
government in private
industry. It:
Allowed the government to
get a court order to delay a
strike for 80 days if the strike
threatened public safety
 Forbid unions from
contributing to political
campaigns
 Banned the closed shop
A Closed Shop is a workplace in
which only union members can
be hired

A CHANGING SOCIETY


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New technologies at the end of
World War 2, such as the use of
computers helped to increase
American productivity.
Productivity is when workers are
able to work more efficiently and
produce more goods.
During the 1950’s Americans
standard of living rose.
The baby boom occurred during
the 1950’s.
50 % of the population moved to
the suburbs
SOCIAL CLIMATE AFTER WWII

Some experts worried that the postwar drop in industrial
needs would hurt the economy.

The nearly 12 million men and women who had been
serving in the armed forces were returning to civilian life
and would need jobs.

Often jobs were not available.

Women workers, so vital during the war, were pressured to leave
their jobs.

The demand for consumer goods rose sharply after the
war.

Labor unions began to make demands.

Racial minorities began to campaign for better
opportunities.
SOCIAL CLIMATE AFTER WWII
• The Servicemen’s Readjustment Act of 1944 was
better known as the GI Bill.
The GI Bill
• The bill helped veterans transition to civilian life.
– Provided money for vets to attend college or receive
advanced job training
– Helped arrange for home, farm, or business loans
– Provided help in finding work as well as a year’s
worth of unemployment benefits
• Demand for consumer goods rose sharply.
Increased
Demand
• Returning vets built houses, which increased the
demand for furniture and appliances.
• A baby boom began as Americans began having
families.
SOCIAL CLIMATE AFTER WWII
• During the war, the government prevented labor
disputes.
Labor
Unions
• After the war, unions began to seek the increases
in wages that were limited during the war.
• The number of strikes rose sharply.
• In 1947, Congress passed the Taft-Hartley Act,
which greatly reduced the power of labor unions.
• Truman issued Executive Order 9981, which
ended segregation in the U.S. armed forces.
Racial
Minorities
• Hispanic veterans joined together in the American
GI Forum.
– They worked to gain full access for Hispanic veterans
to benefits earned by their service during the war.
STUDENT PRACTICE/APPLICATION
1. Read pages 842-847 in your American
History Textbook.
 2. Answer all checkpoint questions.
 3. Utilize all information from PowerPoint
presentation, your reading, and knowledge of
Social Studies when completing the Checkpoint
questions.
 4. Complete Exit Ticket Question

THE KOREAN WAR PERIOD
1950-1953
TODAY’S OBJECTIVES: BY THE END OF CLASS,
STUDENTS WILL BE ABLE TO:
1. Explain how the situation in Korea became
the Korean War, the first military conflict of the
Cold War.
 2. Explain how the Cold War led to a Red Scare
in the United States.
 3. Describe how the Korean War ended.

KOREA
KOREAN WAR PERIOD

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After Japan’s defeat in
WW2, Korea was
divided at the 38th
Parallel of latitude.
The Soviet Union
supported a communist
government in North
Korea
The United States
supported a noncommunist government
in South Korea
KOREAN WAR PERIOD
 Tensions
between North
and South Korea exploded
when North Korea invaded
South Korea on June 25,
1950.
 President Truman
responded to the invasion
by sending in a military
force into Korea.
TRUMAN VERSUS MACARTHUR AND THE
KOREAN WAR
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WW2 Hero General Douglas MacArthur
was appointed by President Truman to
lead a military force into Korea.
General MacArthur believed that the
United States could win the Korean War
if it invaded China.
President Truman felt that attacking
China could lead to another world war
and warned MacArthur against making
any further inflammatory statements.
MacArthur disobeyed Truman and
publicly argued that the United States
could not win the war because of
politicians in Washington D.C.
Truman became furious with this
statement and fired MacArthur.
KOREAN WAR PERIOD

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The UN force, led by
General MacArthur chased
the North Koreans back to
the Yulu River that
separates China from
Korea.
China was furious over this
A stalemate then ensued.
A stalemate is a situation in
which neither side wins.
END OF KOREAN WAR PERIOD
 In
July of 1953, a
ceasefire ended
the fighting with
the establishment
of a demilitarized
zone that still
exists today.
STUDENT PRACTICE/APPLICATION
1. Read pages 850-854 in your American
History Textbook.
 2. Answer all checkpoint questions.
 3. Utilize all information from PowerPoint
presentation, your reading, and knowledge of
Social Studies when completing the Checkpoint
questions.
 4. Complete Exit Ticket Question

TODAY’S OBJECTIVES: BY THE END OF CLASS,
STUDENTS WILL BE ABLE TO:
1. Explain how the Cold War turned into an
arms race.
 2. Describe how the Cold War divided the
emerging countries in Asia and Africa.
 3. Explain how communism gained influence in
Latin America.
 4. Explain why Cuba became a crisis spot
during the Cold War.

FEARS AT HOME
During this time period,
many Americans were
afraid of communism.
 China becoming
communist, the Korean
stalemate, and the Soviet
possession of atomic
weapons, made many
Americans fearful that the
United States could not
defeat communism.

RESPONSE TO FEARS AT HOME: MCCARTHYISM


Senator Joseph McCarthy responded to
the fears at home regarding Communism
by threatening to expose Communists in
the United States
In a speech he gave in Wheeling, West
Virginia in February of 1950, McCarthy
waved a paper in the air that he claimed
contained the names of 205 Communists
who worked in the State Department.
RESPONSE TO FEARS AT HOME: MCCARTHYISM



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McCarthy would later reduce
this number to 81, and then 57.
McCarthy refused to show this
list to anyone.
During the next four years,
McCarthy led Senate hearings
where he bullied witnesses and
made exaggerated charges
against anyone who opposed
him.
Many Americans, who were
already afraid of communism,
believed him.
THE FALL OF MCCARTHY AND MCCARTHYISM


McCarthy lost his following
when he made false
accusations about the United
States Army on a nationally
televised segment viewed by
millions of Americans.
The U.S. Senate voted to
censure McCarthy. To censure
is to condemn.
• McCarthy never showed his list to anyone and Americans no
longer believed the list was genuine.
• McCarthyism is a term that ridiculed Senator McCarthy
because it meant accusing someone of disloyalty without
having any evidence.
• McCarthy died three years after he was censured. At the time of his death,
the fear over the spread of communism in the United States had subsided
FEARS AT HOME
Student Practice: Read pages 850-854 and
complete all Checkpoint questions.
 Topics to research/ look out for while
discussing your reading:

 McCarthyism
 The
case of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
THE BERLIN WALL 1961
The Rise of the Berlin Wall
In the dark on August 13,
1961, a low, barbed-wire
barrier rose between East
and West Berlin. Within days,
workers cemented concrete
blocks into a low wall,
dividing neighborhoods and
families, workers and
employers, the free from the
repressed.
 The USSR called the wall a
barrier to Western
imperialism, but it also was
meant to keep its
people
going to the West where the
standard of living was much
higher and freedoms greater.


Early 1960s view of east side of Berlin Wall with
barbed wire at top.
THE BERLIN WALL CONTINUED

The West Germans called it
Schandmaur, the "Wall of
Shame." Over the years, it was
rebuilt three times. Each
version of the wall was more
higher, stronger, repressive,
and impregnable. Towers and
guards with machine guns and
dogs stood watch over a
barren no man's land.
Forbidden zones, miles wide,
were created behind the wall.
No one was allowed to enter
the zones. Anyone trying to
escape was shot on sight.
A view from the French sector looking over the wall.
THE BRANDENBURG GATE IN BERLIN

The Brandenburg Gate (German: Brandenburger Tor) is a former city gate,
and now one of the most well-known landmarks of Berlin and Germany. It is
located west of the city center at the junction of Unter den Linden and
Ebertstraße, immediately west of the Pariser Platz. It is the only remaining
gate of a series through which Berlin was once entered during the height of
the Cold War. One of Rochambeau’s Very own was stationed here during the
Cold War!!!!
WHO IS THIS?
HINT: HE WORKS HERE.
HERE ARE HIS ORDERS!
STILL DON’T KNOW WHO IT IS??????
ROY CARROLL!!!!!! OUR HEAD CUSTODIAN
AFTER WORLD WAR
2, THE WORLD
CHANGED!
Many countries
became
communist after World
War 2 including:
- Czechoslovakia
(1948)
- Poland (1947)
- Hungary (1947)
- China (1949)
- Cuba (1959)
- North Korea (1945)

From a postcard in August 1961 in Berlin:
This child wants to cross. The guard has
orders to let nobody pass. Nevertheless,
he opens the barbed wire. At this moment
(photo) his superior sees what is
happening. Because of his acting contrary
to the command, he was immediately
detached.
POSTCARDS FROM THE COLD WAR
East German soldier escaping into
West Germany
The Berlin Wall
North Atlantic Treaty
Organization (1949)
 United States
 Luxemburg
 Belgium
 Netherlands
 Britain
 Norway
 Canada
 Portugal
 Denmark
 1952: Greece &
Turkey
 France
 Iceland
 Italy
 1955: West Germany
 1983: Spain
Warsaw Pact (1955)
}
U. S. S. R.
}
East Germany
}
Albania
}
Hungary
}
Bulgaria
}
Poland
}
Czechoslovakia
}
Rumania
NUCLEAR TENSIONS
The USA had shown its atomic power
when it exploded the A-bombs on
Hiroshima and Nagasaki at the end of
World War 2.
 The USSR was also developing atomic
weapons/bombs.
 The USA and the USSR were in
competition with each other to have the
best, most powerful weapons in the world
– this was called the Arms Race.

Arms Race
• Cold War tensions increased
in the US when the USSR
exploded its first atomic
bomb in 1949.
•
Cold War tensions increased
in the USSR when the US
exploded its first hydrogen
bomb in 1952. It was 1000
times more powerful than the
Hiroshima atomic bomb.
GLOBAL CONCERNS IN THE COLD WAR
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The United States and the Soviet
Union emerged as the world’s two
superpowers.
Superpowers are countries whose
military, economy, and political
strength are so great that they can
influence events worldwide.
In the 1950’s, the two
superpowers became involved in
an Arm’s Race.
An Arms Race is a contest in which
nations compete to build more
and more powerful weapons.
GLOBAL CONCERNS IN THE
COLD WAR

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The Arms Race was not the only race
conducted by the U.S. and the
U.S.S.R. (Soviet Union)
They also competed in space.
In 1957 the Soviets launched
Sputnik, the world’s first human
made satellite.
Americans were in shock and
became fearful that if the Soviets
could send satellites into space, they
could also launch nuclear missiles at
the them
The United States responded by
creating the National Aeronautics
and Space Administration or NASA.
GLOBAL CONCERNS IN THE COLD WAR
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The United States and the
Soviet Union were also
involved in a competition to
win allies among the new
nations that were being
formed.
These new nations included:
Ghana, Guinea, Congo, the
Philippines, and Vietnam.
The Soviet Union extended aid
to Ghana and Guinea.
The United States under
President John F. Kennedy
established the Peace Corps.
THE PEACE CORPS
The goal of the Peace
Corps was to build
friendships between
Americans and the
people of these new
nations.
 The volunteers of the
Peace Corps shared
their skills and
knowledge as teachers,
doctors, nurses,
carpenters and farmers
with these new nations.

THE CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS
1962
CUBA BECOMES A COMMUNIST NATION AND
THE CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS
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The island of Cuba is
located 90 miles from
coast of Florida
It is a US ally, US
businesses & US military
base (Guantanamo)
1959, Fidel Castro
overthrows Battista (USbacked dictator),
establishing Communist
government.
HOW SUCCESSFUL WERE EARLY
ATTEMPTS AT ‘CONTAINMENT’?


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The US committed $100 million to
overthrowing Castro, the CIA tried to
sabotage the economy, they even
planned to send him an exploding 
cigar! Why did they go to such
lengths after April 1961?
Castro takes over US businesses
January 1961, US breaks off
diplomatic relations
April, 1961, Bay of Pigs – 1,400
anti-Cuban exiles attempted to
overthrow Castro. It Failed
miserably!
The failed Bay of Pigs invasion
embarrassed the United States
and helped make Castro more
popular in Cuba
Autumn 1962, Cuba has
received 1000s of USSR
missiles, jets, boats & personnel
WHY WAS THE USSR INTERESTED IN
HELPING CUBA?

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
Cuba was a new Communist state
Cuba provided a launch base for USSR intercontinental missiles (ICMs)
Khrushchev wanted to test strength of new US
president, JFK
Khrushchev wanted to force JFK into bargaining over
US missile in Europe
THE CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS



14 October 1962, US U2 spy plane takes photos of
suspected USSR missile sites on Cuba
Sites nearing completion, experts believe they
could be ready in 7 days
US spy planes identify 20 Soviet ships bound for
Cuba carrying missiles
ONE OF OUR U-2 FLIGHTS OVER CUBA HAS REVEALED
WHAT ANALYSTS BELIEVE TO BE NUCLEAR MISSILES.
SIR, THE MISSILES LOOK TO BE FROM THE SOVIET
UNION.
THE MISSILES IN CUBA AIMED AT THE UNITED
STATES!!!!
THE CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS


On October 20th , Kennedy decides to blockade Cuba
Kennedy publicly calls on Khrushchev to remove
weapons
The Cuban missile Crisis


On October 23rd
Khrushchev refuses to
acknowledge blockade
or presence of Soviet
missiles on Cuba
On October 24th 1st
Soviet ships
(accompanied by
submarine) approach
the exclusion zone
WHAT HAPPENED DURING THE CUBAN
MISSILE CRISIS?




24 October, 10:32 am, Soviet ships stop and turn
round
25 October, aerial photos show continued
construction of missile sites
26 October, Kennedy receives another letter offering
to negotiate over missiles in Cuba with removal of
blockade and US invasion threat
27 October, Kennedy receives second letter calling for
withdrawal of US missiles in Turkey too
THE AMERICAN DECISION


In September
Kennedy had stated
and Congress had
passed a resolution
saying that if the
Soviet Union placed
offensive weapons in
Cuba we would not
tolerate it.
He Determined in first
48 hours of the crisis
that the removal of
missiles was the
primary objective
WHAT HAPPENED DURING THE
OCTOBER CRISIS?



27 October, US U2
plane shot down over
Cuba & pilot killed.
Kennedy decides to
ignore second letter,
but accepts terms of
1st letter
28 October,
Khrushchev agrees to
dismantle Soviet
missiles in Cuba
WHAT WAS THE OUTCOME OF THE CRISIS?




Cuba remained Communist & heavily armed
(without nuclear missiles)
Both leaders didn’t lose face and came away
with concessions
Permanent hotline between White House &
Kremlin set up
Supported the theory of containment & coexistence because the alternatives were
unimaginable (Nuclear War!!!)
STUDENT PRACTICE/APPLICATION
1. Read pages 855-859 in your American
History Textbook.
 2. Answer all checkpoint questions.
 3. Utilize all information from PowerPoint
presentation, your reading, and knowledge of
Social Studies when completing the Checkpoint
questions.
 4. Complete Exit Ticket Question
