Transcript Holocaust - Mikac

Warm Up
Using your reading assignment from last night:
1.What is today’s date an anniversary of?
2.What did the war veterans from the news article think
about war?
3. The invasion of what country led to military action in
Europe?
Holocaust
What was the Holocaust?
• The State sponsored, systematic persecution
and annihilation of European Jews by Nazi
Germany and its collaborators between
1933 and 1945. Jews were the primary
victims – 6 million were murdered.
• From the Greek word meaning “a sacrifice by
burning.”
The Victims
It is true that not all victims were Jews, but all Jews were victims.
- Elie Wiesel, 1995
Jews
Political Opponents
Habitual Criminals
Handicapped
Homosexuals
Jehovah’s Witnesses
Roma & Sinti (Gypsies) Poles
Freemasons
Immigrants
Soviet P.O.W.’s
American P.O.W.’s
African-Germans
A Comparison Jews in the World in the Early 19th Century & Early 20th Century
Jewish Life Before the War
Remember always that you not only have the right to be an individual, you have an
obligation to be one. - Eleanor Roosevelt
Malka Orkin (left) and her
friend Tusia Goldberg.
Tusia, whose father later
became a member of the
Bialystok ghetto Jewish
council, survived the war.
Malka did not survive.
Lova Warszawczyk rides
his tricycle in the garden of
his home in Warsaw
shortly before the start of
World War II. He survived.
A group of Jewish children pose in
their bathing suits while
vacationing in the resort town of
Swider, near Warsaw.
The two girls on the right are Gina
and Ziuta Szczecinski. Both
perished during the war.
Sisters Hanneke
and Jenneke
Leydesdorff as
small children
one year before
the German
occupation. The
sisters survived,
both parents
died.
Yosef Ginzberg
watches his
granddaughter
Tamar play with a
ball.
Yosef was
murdered in Ponar
outside of Vilna.
Tamar survived the
war in Siberia.
Jankel Stiel and his
child. Both were
killed in Belzec.
Two young children
play outside next to a
baby carriage in
Bogdan,
Transcarpathia.
In 1944, the children
and their mother were
deported from Bogdan
to Auschwitz, where
they all perished.
How could Germans have let this happen?
Each step was so small, so inconsequential, so well explained
or, on occasion, “regretted,” that, unless one were detached
from the whole process from the beginning, unless one
understood what the whole thing was in principle, what all
these “little measures” that no “patriotic German” could resent
must some day lead to, one no more saw it developing from day
to day than a farmer in his field sees the corn growing. One
day it is over his head.
Heinrich Hildebrandt, non-Jewish German high school teacher during
the Nazi years, interviewed in 1952.
They Thought They Were Free by Milton Mayer
How did the Nazis make this happen?
The Nazis ultimate goal was the Final Solutionthe mass killing of Jews. They did not start
with this action, however. These are the steps
they took leading up to the Final Solution:
1) Identification
2) Exclusion
3) Ghettoization
4) Deportation
5) Extermination
1. Identification:
Jews were required to wear
these everywhere they went
Romania
Parts of Bulgaria
(a button)
Germany, Alsace,
Bohemia-Moravia
France
Parts of Greece, Serbia,
Belgrade, Sofia
(armband)
Belgium
Parts of Bulgaria,
Poland, Hungary,
Greece, Lithuania, Latvia
Holland
Part of Slovakia
Boycott of Jewish Shops
SA soldiers stood at the entrances to Jewish shops and professional offices
discouraging non-Jewish patrons from entering.
Signs were posted warning: “Germans! Beware! Don’t Buy from Jews!”
2. Exclusion:
Nazis wanted to remove Jews from economic,
social, and cultural life
Jews were only permitted to purchase
products between 3-5 p.m. This was one
step in the overall Nazi scheme of
eliminating Jews from economic, social
and cultural life.
Bench with inscription “Only for Jews.”
Sign on a phone booth
in Munich prohibiting
Jews from using the
public telephone.
Sign forbidding Jews in public pool.
Jews are forced to walk in the street.
The original photo caption read, "Jews in gutter."
Belgium, 1943
3. Ghettoization
• Definition of Ghetto: any section of a city or town in
which members of a minority group live or are
restricted by economics or discrimination.
• The first ghetto was established in Venice in 1516
when the Church ordered that walls be built around
the Jewish Quarter.
• The word “ghetto” means “foundry” or “iron works.”
In Venice, the ghetto was near a foundry that
produced cannon balls.
• Ghettos served as assembly and collection points
for Jews to be sent to concentration camps.
Conditions in the Ghettos
With little food and diseases
rampant in the crowded
ghettos, the living conditions
became unbearable.
Food ration card.
4. Deportation: Jews were moved across
Europe to concentration camps
Jews are forced into a truck which is taking
them to their execution.
Deportation of the elderly and sick from
the Lodz Ghetto to Chelmno.
Jews from the Lodz ghetto board trains
for the death camp at Chelmno.
Passengers in a train car.
Lodz, Poland
A child’s drawing showing a German
soldier shooting at a train of deportees.
A 1942 transport to Treblinka.
Corpses lie in an open railcar at Dachau.
“Im Wagon” (In the Railway Car)
by Ella Liebermann-Shiber
5. Extermination: The Final Solution
100,000
Victims
Camp
Deaths
Survivors
Auschwitz-Birkenau
1.1-1.6 million
7,000
Belzec
600,000
2
Chelmno
152,000
2
Majdanek
170-235,000
<600
Sobibor
250,000
50
Treblinka
870,000-925,000
<100
Types of Concentration Camps
● Labor Camps
● Prisoner of War Camps
● Transit Camps
● Extermination Camps
Registration
They will even take away our name: and if we want to keep it, we will have to find in
ourselves the strength to do so, to manage somehow so that behind the name something
of us, of us as we were, still remains. – Primo Levi, Survival at Auschwitz
Barracks
Six people slept on a plank of wood, on top of us another layer. And if one of us had to turn,
all the others had to turn because it was so narrow. One cover, no pillow, no mattress.
Alice Lok, Survivor
The Value of a Life
Rings
These shoes represent one day's
collection at the peak of the gassings,
about twenty-five thousand pairs.
First they came for the Communists, but I was not a
Communist so I did not speak out.
Then they came for the Socialists and the Trade
Unionists, but I was neither, so I did not speak out.
Then they came for the Jews, but I was not a Jew so I
did not speak out.
And when they came for me, there was no one left to
speak out for me.
- Pastor Martin Niemoeller