Transcript Chapter 34
Chapter 34 Total War, Totalitarianism, and the Arts •WWI—The Great War •The Triple Alliance →The Central Powers →Germany, AustriaHungary,the Ottoman Empire •The Triple Entente → the Allied Powers →Britain, France, Russia, Serbia Trigger • On June 28, 1914, Archduke Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian Empire was assassinated while making a state visit to Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia. Causes of WWI • Militarism: armament race • Nationalism: rival armed camps • Balkan Wars: Pan-Slavism War as Celebration • Romanticism: war as chivalrous adventure, a quest for the heroic • Nationalism: patriotic sentiments fraternity Trench Warfare • The Western Front: four hundred miles from the northern border of Switzerland to the English Channel. The Home Front • New opportunities for women. Women in England, France, and Germany replaced men in all branches of civilian life. Influences • 1. Disillusionment: --loss of faith in the Enlightenment tradition --loss of faith in liberal-democratic values (which contributed to Fascist ideologies) • 2. The Lost Generation: 9 million killed • 3. A fascination with violence: Some veterans clung to an aggressive militarism and favored extremist political movements (Hitler and Mussolini) After WWI: Era of Totalitarianism • Communist Russia • Fascist Italy • Nazi Germany • The Great Depression 1929 - 1933 •WWII Causes • 1. 1919-1920 the Versailles treaty • 2. the failure to create lasting, binding standards for peace and security (the League of Nations) 3. Economic conditions 4. Nationalism 1930s • 3 tests for the League of Nations – China: Japanese invasion, the “Rape of Nanjing” (1937) – Ethiopia: Mussolini’s invasion (1935) – Spain: Civil War (1936-39), fascist Franco vs. divided Republicans 1939 • Germany asked the Polish Corridor to be abolished. When Poland decided not to give in, Hitler attacked. WWII began. •The Holocaust -WWII=a racial war -4.1-5.7 million Jewish people died 1945 • August 6 and 9 Atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. • August 14 Japan surrendered. • 1945 • • • • • • • United Nations founded Eastern Europe occupied by Red Army 1947 Cold War started 1950 Korean War 1961 Berlin Wall built 1962 Cuban missile crisis 1963-73 Vietnam War 1989 Year of liberation in Eastern Europe 1990 Germany reunified; Cold War ended •Artists Leger, The Card Game, 1917 Leger, Three Women, 1921 Leger, The Mechanic, 1920 Leger, The Builders, 1950 Rivera, Liberation of the Peon, 1931 Picasso, Guernica, 1937 •The End