Transcript 1750-1914 - Lyons-Global

1914-Present
Review
The Big Thematic picture
Theme 1: Patterns and effects of interactionPace of interaction grows rapidly
Theme 2: Dynamics of changes and
continuity-Changes that started in the 19th
century spread rapidly
Theme 3: Effects of technology, economics,
demographics—from 1 billion to 6 billion in
less than 100 years!
Theme 4: Systems of social structure and
gender structure-Women gained the right to
vote, Communism spread under the hope of
creating egalitarian societies.
Big Thematic picture part 2
Theme 5: Cultural, intellectual, and
religious developments-Global culture,
Atom bomb, airplanes and rockets,
nano technology! It’s all changing so
fast.
Theme 6: Changes in functions and
structures of states. Rise of the nation
state after WWII, currently, perhaps the
rise of macro-nationalism?
Three Things to Remember
Population increased rapidly as has
movement of people.
Traditional social and gender structures have
been challenged during this time periodwhether through political movements like
communism or social movements like the
suffrage movement.
Women gained the right to vote in most parts
of the world. New medical innovations have
given women control over their reproductive
system like never before. Through dolls like
the Barbie, women continue to be objectified,
however.
Three more things to Remember
The world has become more and more
integrated due to improved communication
and transportation technology. Global
commerce is the norm. Fundamental
religious movements have arisen because of
the unease this new fast-paced connected
world has fostered.
Rise of the Nation-state in all areas of the
world. As minority ethnic groups seek to
assert their rights, conflicts arise within these
states
International organizations define the newworld order.
Details- World conflict
World War I
Great Depression
Fascism and totalitarian states
World War II
Cold War
Nationalist movements-India, Israel,
Palestine, Sub-Saharan Africa, Vietnam
Revolutions- Russia, China, Mexico, Iran
WW1
Causes
- militarism
(competition btw Germany & England)
- Pan-Slavism
- imperial rivalry
- entangling alliances (Triple Entente
vs. Triple Alliance)
- Assassination of Archduke Francis
Ferdinand by Gavrilo Princips
WWI
Schlieffen Plan
Trench Warfare – war of
attrition (Verdun)
Gallipoli – Ottoman
(Lawrence of Arabia
divides)
Lusitania – America
enters
1917 – Russia signs
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
U-boats, tanks, poison
gas
Colonial soldiers
Total War – bonds,
rationing, women on
homefront
Treaty of Versailles - June 28, 1919
Forced Germany to give up Alsace-Lorraine, pay
reparations. War Guilt Clause. “We shall
squeeze the orange until the pips squeak.”
New Countries of Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia
(Pan-Slavism)
Ottomans lost everything except Turkey.
League of Nations formed (part of Wilson’s 14
points) – 1920 – 1946. Purpose was to create
international cooperation and world peace. No
Secret Alliances! The United States doesn’t join.
Great Depression –
Causes
overdependence on
American loans and
buying
Increase in tariffs and
protectionism
Industrial and farming
surpluses leading to
deflation
Poor banking
management
World War I
a. Expensive - $180 billion on
war, $150 billion to rebuild
US lent Europe tons of money:
France in huge debt;
Bolsheviks refuse to pay off
war debts; Germany owes
French tons of money
Stock Market crash, bank failures –
no more credit to Europe
Great Depression – Impact /
Reaction
Political extremism
1. Communist say capitalism is a mess
2. Fascists (Mussolini and Hitler) want
to protect enterprise and promote their
nation
Rise of Public Work Programs – FDR
“New Deal” - Keynes
Rise of WW2
Hitler – uses Enabling Act to take over Weimer
Republic
Rise of German nationalism – Aryanism (Mein
Kampf); Nuremberg Laws (Kristallnacht )
Appeasement of England and France over
Czechoslovakia and Austria – part of Hitler’s
Anschluss program of Lebensraum
Alliances – Rome-Berlin Axis; Anti-Comintern Pact;
Non-Aggression Pact
Japan’s attack on Manchuria; Rape of Nanjing
Italy’s attack on Ethiopia with poison gas
Events of WW2
Blitzkrieg against Poland,
Belgium and France
Pearl Harbor
General Rommel in Africa
Battle of Stalingrad (turning
pt)
D-Day/Normandy
Iwo Jima (amphibious)
Japan’s Greater East Asia CoProsperity Sphere (“Asia for
Asiatics”)
Hiroshima (atomic weapons)
“Big Three”
Decide Fate of Europe
Conference at Tehran, November
1943
• Future course of the war,
invasion of the continent for
1944
• Agreement for the partition of
postwar Germany
Conference at Yalta, February
1945
• Soviet military assistance for
the war against Japan
• Creation of a United Nations
• Require German unconditional
surrender
• Free elections in Eastern
Europe
Conference at Potsdam,
July 1945
• Truman replaces
Roosevelt
• Stalin refuses to allow
free elections in
Eastern Europe
• Truman hears of new
atomic weapon
Churchill, FDR, Stalin
Cold War (1945-89)
Containment
Iron Curtain / Soviet Bloc
Truman Doctrine in Greece/Turkey
Berlin Blockade/Airlift/Wall
Korean War (38th) - 1950
Vietnam War (17th) – 1960-70s
Cuban Missile Crisis 1962 – Castro, Bay of Pigs
Afghanistan War – 1979 Taliban
Alliances
NATO; SEATO; Marshall Plan - EU
Warsaw Pact; Comecon
Non-aligned
Competition
Space Race – Sputnik, Apollo lunar landing (1969), Apollo-Soyuz
Arms Race – NPT, SALT (détente – 1970s)
Cold War Leaders
Truman
Eisenhower – Domino
Theory
JFK – Cuba Missile Crisis
Nixon – visits China 1972
Reagan – Star Wars (SDI);
Iran-Contra Scandal
Stalin – 5 Year Plan; purges,
KGB
Khrushchev – destalination,
Berlin Wall
Castro – Cuban Missile Crisis
Brezhnev Doctrine (Prague
Spring)
Gorbachev – glasnost,
perestroika (limited
privatization); Berlin Wall
Falls; 1991 end of USSR
Deng – 4 Modernizations
(lmt priv), Tiananmen
Square Massacre (1989)
Additional Conflicts
Africa - Hutus vs. Tutsi (1990s); Darfur
Crisis; Somalia
Middle East – Iran-Iraq – 1980; Persian
Gulf War – 1990
War on Terrorism
War on Drugs (anti Farc – Columbia)
India’s Nationalism
Organizations – INC (1885),
Muslim League (1905)
Western-educated leaders –
Nehru (industrialization),
Gandhi (Satyagraha )
Amritsar Massacre
Salt March (1930)
Independence 1948 – but
Pakistan/Bangladesh/India
split (fight over Kashmir)
Turkey
Young Turks attempt to force
sultan to accept Constitution
Sykes-Picot Agreement btw.
France & England divide Ottoman
into mandates
Mustapha Kemal “Ataturk” –
holds off Greek invasion,
modernizes (women
education/vote, light industry –
5yr plan, but not communist) and
westernizes (alphabet, laws)
/secularizes (forbid fezzes, veils)
Modernization in Turkey and Iran
TURKEY - Ataturk
replaced Islamic law with a
European-style law code
replaced the Muslim calendar
with the western calendar
IRAN – Reza Khan
built factories, roads, and
railroads and strengthened the
army
adopted the western alphabet
forced people to wear western
dress
forced Iranians to wear western
clothing
opened state schools
set up modern, secular schools.
encouraged industrial expansion
replaced Islamic law with secular
law
outlawed polygamy and gave
rights to women
encouraged women to take part
in public life
Israel-Palestine Conflict
Herzl – zionism (1880s)
Balfour Declaration (1917)
UN creates state of Israel (1948)/refugees
PLO under Arafat – Intifada terrorism /hamas
Six Day War / Yom Kippur War (1973) / Camp-David Accord
(1979)
Oslo Accord – 1993 Israel and PLO reach an agreement calling
for Palestinian autonomy in selected areas of Israel in return for
PLO recognition of the legitimacy of the Israeli state
Road Map for Peace (2002) – by Bush – two state division
(problems Israeli settlers in Gaza; terrorist bombings by Hamas;
access to fresh water; new wall built by Israel in 2003
Vietnam’s Nationalism
French Indo-China
Japan’s Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere during WW2
Ho Chi Minh – guerrilla fighters Viet Cong
Geneva Accord – 1954 (17th parallel, but allow free
elections)
American invasion 1956-1975
Unconventional warfare – Agent Orange, Napalm, limited
air (Operation Rolling Thunder), My Lai Massacre
American anti-war sentiments –Martin Luther King’s civil
rights march, Kent State Massacre, Woodstock
Latin America
Rise of dictatorships (Good Neighbor Policy of
America – send in military to protect
American economic interests - will lead to
anti-American sentiments) – eventually to
democracies in 1980s Brazil – Vargas
w/emphasis on labor union
Chile - Pinochet
Cuba – Castro (communist) replaces Batista
Nationalism in Africa
World War I Africa
• Africa almost entirely under rule of European colonial powers during war
• Hundreds of thousands of Africans served in European armies during war
• Tens of thousands of Africans lost their lives during war
• Wartime experience increased nationalist feeling in Africa
Nationalism Grows
• Africans believed they earned
independence through wartime
sacrifices
• War caused economic hardship
• Trade with Europe dried up,
European spending in Africa
slowed
Little to Show
• Africans felt they had suffered for
Europe, had little to show for it
• No Africans involved in negotiations
of Treaty of Versailles
• Did not grant independence;
transferred Germany’s colonies
to other countries
Various African Movments
Gold Coast – renamed Ghana was first to achieve independence
in 1957 led by US-educated Kwame Nkrumah
Belgium Congo – not planned – the Belgium government just
departed leaving chaos and civil war behind in 1959. Will lead
to ethnic conflict between Hutus and Tutsis in Rwanda in 1994.
In Nigeria, Ibo women denounced British policies that
threatened their rights and their economic role.
In Kenya, the Kikuyu protested the loss of their land, forced
labor, heavy taxes, and required identification cards. Jomo
Kenyatta will speak for Pan-Africanism – encouraging the Africans
to improve themselves morally so they can rightly claim
equality with Europeans. Kenya had a large European
population who blocked independence – armed revolt
eventually led to independence in 1963
South Africa – established Union of South Africa in 1910 – but
apartheid dominated society – 87% of land for whites, rest for
blacks. ANC (African National Congress) – organized resistance
led by Nelson Mandela – copied Gandhi’s civil disobedience (jail,
boycotts, etc)
Russian/Bolshevik
Revolution - 1917
Nicholas II autocratic, did not
allow Duma to meet
1905 – Bloody Sunday –
peasants protesting lack of food
and loss in Crimean and RussoJapanese Wars
Losses in WW1, Lenin promises
“Peace Land and Bread”
Provisional Government by
Kerensky established –
promoted democracy
“Bolsheviks” (wanted
dictatorship w/no parties except
socialism) – supported by Lenin
and Trotsky (Red Army)
Civil War – 1918-21 btw Reds
and Whites
War Communism – peasants
hoard food, cheka investigate
and put people in gulacs; red
terror (purging of intellectuals)
Czar is assassinated with family
New Economic Policy (NEP)
by Lenin allows for sale of
surplus, elements of mixed
economy
Chinese Communist Revolution
Civil War –
Chiang Kai Shek –New
Life Mvmt, Shanghai
Massacre; Long March
(1934)
Mao’s People’s Republic
of China – 1949
(support of peasants)
Great Leap Forward
(communes)
Great Proletariat
Cultural Revolution
(Little Red Book)
Chiang flees to Taiwan
Iranian Revolution
1979
Iran was a cornerstone of U.S. foreign
policy after WWII.
Led by pro-United States ruler
Mohammad Reza Shah, Iran built a
large military using U.S. aid and
petroleum revenues
The Shaw was overthrown in 1979 and
Iran became an Islamic Republic
(theocratic rule) led by the Ayatollah
Khomeini (1902-1989) - Shi’ite cleric
exiled to Iraq and then France
Iran calls the U.S. as “the Great Satan”
Demanded the Shah stand trial
After the U.S. refused, the U.S. embassy
was occupied and the staff taken hostage
in 1979 They were released in January
1981
Turkish Genocide Against Armenians
Districts & Vilayets of Western
Armenia in Turkey
1914
1922
Erzerum
215,000
1,500
Van
197,000
500
Kharbert
204,000
35,000
Diarbekir
124,000
3,000
Bitlis
220,000
56,000
Sivas
225,000
16,800
Western Anatolia
371,800
27,000
Cilicia and Northern Syria
309,000
70,000
European Turkey
194,000
163,000
73,390
15,000
2,133,190
387,800
Other Armenian-populated Sites
in Turkey
Trapizond District
Total
Holocaust
Einsatzgruppen – special
strike force created to round up
all Polish Jews and
concentrate them in Ghettos –
mobile group, but deemed
inefficient
Created death camps –
Treblinka, Auschwitz, etc.
using Zyklon B (hydrogen
cyanide) in gas chambers. At
Auschwitz – 70% were killed
automatically
90% of Jewish population of
Baltic Countries and
Germany were exterminated
Others also exterminated 6
million – homosexuals,
Jehovah’s Witnesses,
Catholics, Gypsies, Slavs,
mentally retarded
Pol Pot’s Khmer Rouge
1975-79 – Communist
Control
Killing Fields –
intellectuals targeted,
30% of population killed
Year Zero – agrarian
society, close banks,
schools, no religion,
landmines
Additional Human Right Violations
Rape of Nanjing (1937) Japanese attack
Chinese women, children elderly – massacre
Slobodan Milosevic (1990s) – ethnic
cleansing in Yugoslavia of Muslims
Chechens (Muslims) fighting for
independence from Russia use terrorism –
Moscow Theater, Beslan School, Moscow
Subway
China’s One Child Policy
Rwanda – Hutus vs. Tutsi
Economics
Mixed Economies (India)
Rising Outsourcing to cheaper labor (India)
Asian Tigers – Japan (zaibatsu economy,
closed markets, forced demilitarization)
Latin America – cash crop during Great
Depression to import-substitution and rise of
industry (Brazil)
Organizations – NAFTA, OPEC, EU (euro),
World Bank, International Monetary Fund,
ASEAN
Technologies
Weapons – machine gun to atomic,
ethical use – chemical and biological
Green Revolution – fertilizer, insecticides
Computer Revolution – communication
(www, google, cell phones, social
networks)
Details- Demography and the
Environment
Rapid population growth
Increased rapidity of Migration.
Global diseases- AIDS, SARS, bird flu
Rapid Urbanization, especially in the less
developed countries
Global warming as a result of industrialization
Agricultural innovations- Green Revolution
and GM foods
1918 Flu Pandemic:
Depletes All Armies
50,000,000 –
100,000,000 died
Details- Cultural and Intellectual
expressions
African and Asian influences of European art.
Western intellectual thought- especially
science and the enlightenment- were highly
influential to Asian and African areas.
Traditional religious teachings (negritude /
fundamentalism) continue to be influential
and often form the backbone to anti-imperial
activities.
Details- Changing roles of States
Enlightenment said that the government was
needed to be responsive to the people (at
least to males with property)
Some new nation states experimented with
democratic ideals (U.S. France, Britain)
Land-based empires (coercive tribute states)
continued to enforce absolute rule and
resisted enlightenment ideas.
Latin America co-opted the ideas, but usually
just as justification for maintaining Creole
power.
Changes and Continuities
Change: Nationalism
Change: Democracy
Change: Rapid Communication
Change: Women improved politically and
economically
Change: Increased industrialization
Continuity: Women continue in traditional roles
Continuity: Peripheral states continue with
subsistence and agricultural economies
Continuity: Unrepresentative governments
prevalent