Transcript WWII

Chapter 24
World War II
Aggression and Dictators
• Communistic Dictatorships
– Josef Stalin – Soviet Union
– Totalitarian State – a nation in which a single
party controls government and every aspect
of people’s lives
– Benito Mussolini – appointed prime minister
after threatening to overthrow the gov’t
• Turned Italy into a fascist state
• Fascism: a political system based on militarism,
extreme nationalism, and blind loyalty to the state
and its leader (end to FoP and all other parties)
Germany
• WWI frustrations
– Reparations
• 1921: Adolf Hitler becomes leader of
National Socialist Party (Nazi)
– Form of facism
– Racism at the core (Anti-Semitism)
– Hitler blames Jews for loss during WWI
– Great Depression = Hitler as Chancellor
– Outlawed parties, secret police
– Jews banned from schools, med. and law
professions
Japan
• Militaristic state
• Preached racial domination
• Thought they needed more land to expand
their nation
Military Aggression
• Aggression – a warlike act by one country
against another without cause
• Japan attacks China (1931)
– Army acts w/o permission
– League of Nations protests but does nothing
– Killed 250K+
• Italy Invades Ethiopia (1935)
– League of Nations does nothing
German Aggression
• Rebuilding of military against Treaty of
Versailles
• Sent troops into the Rhineland
• Then took over Austria
• Hitler threatens to invade Czechoslovakia
– Fran. and Brit. Protest
– Meeting in Munich
• Appeasement – a policy of giving in to
aggression in order to avoid war
German Aggression Cont.
• Munich Pact: Hitler allowed to take over
Sudetenland for not seeking any other
land
– Couple months later, Hitler took over the rest
of Czechoslovakia
American Neutrality
• Neutrality Act 1935
– Forbids the president from selling arms,
making loans, or giving any form of
assistance to any nation involved in a war
• Good Neighbor Policy
– FDR believed this would strengthen ties in
Latin America
– Frees Cuba
– Pulls American direct influence out of Latin
America
War in Europe
• Sept. 1, 1939: Hitler invades Poland
– Nazi-Soviet Pact
• Poland split between the two
• Surprises the World – WHY?
• Stalin invades Finland, Estonia, Lithuania,
and Latvia
• France and Britain declare war on
Germany
• April 1940: Denmark and Norway fall to
Germany
War cont.
• Netherlands, Luxembourg, Belgium fall in
May
• 6 weeks later, France surrenders
• Battle of Britain
– Bombing raids by Germany
– Germany tries to invade Britain
• June 22, 1941: Hitler invades Soviet Union
The United States goes to
WAR!!!
Congressional Sympathies
• Lend-Lease Act
– Favored by most Americans – WHY?
– Better than Supplies for Cash
– Help anyone fighting Nazis
• Military Buildup
– Cong. Approves more Mil. Spending
– Peacetime draft
– Af. Am. Mil. Units
Atlantic Charter
• Roosevelt and Churchill
• Neither nation would seek territorial
gain
• All people will have right to choose
own government
• New international organization
Events leading to War
• Japan invades Laos, Cambodia, and
Vietnam
• Roosevelt bans metal trade and oil trade
with Japan
• So…………..
Pearl Harbor
“Day of Infamy”
http://www.archive.org/details/FranklinDela
noRooseveltDayOfInfamySpeech
The War (Eur. Theatre)
• 9 countries (Axis Powers) vs. 50
countries (Allied Powers)
• Total War: conflict utilizing more than
just armed forces
• Eastern Front:
– Soviet Winter
– Stalingrad is held
– Ends with Soviet victory in Stalingrad
The War (Eur. Theatre)
• Southern Front:
– Rommel swept across Tunisia, Libya, and
Egypt
– Eventually stopped and caused to retreat
by the British
– Gen. Eisenhower occupies Morocco and
Algeria
The War (Pac. Theatre)
• Japan takes over Philippines and
forces MacArthur to retreat
• MacArthur is given command of entire
Pacific forces
• Bataan Death March
– 70K American and Pilipino
– 65 mile march
The War (Pac. Theatre)
• The Turning Points of the War:
– Battle of Coral Sea
• US keeps Japan from New Guinea
• New style of naval warfare
– Battle of Midway
• Americans destroy 4 carriers, 322 aircraft
The Domestic War
• Building the Military
– Draft
• 15 million volunteers and draftees
– Women
• Nurses, pilots, secretaries
Domestic Actions
• Economy
– War Production Board
• Output is doubled
• Required Support
– Food, clothing, and equipment donated
– Victory gardens
– War bonds
• Rationing: limits on scarce goods
– Use of coupons
– Coffee, sugar, meat, shoes, gasoline, tires
Women in Industry
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What types of Jobs would be open?
Furnace tenders, welders, crane operators
Women gain confidence
How does this affect their future?
Rosie the Riveter – What makes her so
important?
Japanese Americans
• Intern-temporarily imprison
• Exec. Order 9066 – Any proof?
– 110K Japanese placed in camps
– “take what you can”
– Some were given $ upon release
– Formal apology in 1990
• 442nd Nisei Regimental Combat Team
– Most decorated unit in United States history
Others in Crisis
• German and Italian Americans were also
placed into internment camps
– Curfews
– Travel restrictions
African Americans
• Injustice in Industry and Military
• A Philip Randolph – head of Brotherhood
of Sleeping Car Porters
– Threatened mass protest unless Roosevelt
did something
– Fair Employment Practices Committee
Mexican Americans
• Braceros - Mexican laborers
– Mexican/American agreement
Conclusion of the War
• Italy Surrenders
• D-Day (June 6, 1944)
– Invasion of Normandy
– 155K troops
– August 1944: Paris is liberated
Battle of the Bulge
• German counterattack in Belgium
• Germany is short of supplies and troops
– Reasons?
Invasion of Germany
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January 1945: Soviets enter Germany
April 12, 1945: FDR dies from a stroke
Harry S Truman becomes President
April 16: Soviets begin attacking Berlin
April 30: Hitler commits suicide
Holocaust
• Hitler – “the final solution to the Jewish
problem”
• Genocide: the deliberate attempt to wipe
out an entire nation or group of people
• Other groups: Poles, Slavs, Gypsies,
Communists, and people with physical and
mental disabilities
• Death Camps: Gas Chambers, torture,
medical experiments
Pacific Theatre
• Battle of Midway
– Last Japanese offensive
• Island hopping: Am. Forces capture one
Japanese-controlled island at a time
• Navaho are key to success
• Casualties
– 14k in Philippines
– 6k in Iwo Jima
– 12k in Okinawa
Issues
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Japanese willingness to die
Kamikaze - suicide pilots
A-Bomb tested in N. Mexico
Truman advised that invasion may cost ½
million lives
Results
• August 6, 1945
– Hiroshima
– Killed 130k instantly
• August 9, 1945
– Nagasaki
– Killed 35K instantly
• August 14, 1945
– V-J Day
– Formal surrender September 2, 1945 on USS
Missouri