Transcript World War II (1939-1945)

World War II (1939-1941)
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US Involvement IN WWII
War Erupts!!!
March 1939- Hitler breaks
Munich agreement,
invades rest of
Czechoslovakia
 August 1939- Hitler signs
nonaggression pact with
rival USSR, turns
attention west
 September 1, 1939“blitzkrieg” invasion of
Poland; Britain and
France declare war on
Germany

German “blitz” of Warsaw
Hitler Moves in Europe
April 1940- Hitler seizes
Norway, Denmark
 May- Netherlands,
Belgium, Luxembourg
 By June, Hitler controls
France, turns attention to
Britain
 Fall 1940- Battle of
Britain
 London heavily bombed
but Churchill remains
defiant

British Prime Minister
Winston Churchill
The United States and Britain
 1939-
Roosevelt revises
Neutrality Act, allows for
arms trade
 Public opinion divided
 Election of 1940- FDR
wins 3rd term
 1940: Destroyers for
Bases Deal
 1941: Lend-Lease Act
The U.S. Enters the War
The “destroyers for bases”
deal allowed the U.S. to
extend its influence
 August 1941- Atlantic
Charter: Churchill and
FDR agree to defend
democracy, free trade and
economic advancement
 The U.S. destroyer Greer
attacked in September
1941
 US directly involved in
naval warfare

USS Greer
Atlantic Charter
United States and Japan
 Japan wanted to extend
influence in Far East
 July 1940: U.S. embargo
of raw materials to Japan
 1941: Lend-Lease aid to
Japanese attack on
China
Pearl Harbor
 Anticipating attack in the
Philippines
 December 7, 1941: Japan
attacks Pearl Harbor,
Hawaii
America Enters War
Pearl Harbor attack
devastates nation
 FDR: “A date which will
live in infamy”
 December 8, 1941- FDR
receives war declaration
from Congress against
Japan
 Germany, Italy declare
war on United States

FDR addresses Congress after
Pearl Harbor attack
Allied Military Strategy
(1941-1945)
The Participants
 Allied
Powers
-England
-Soviet Union
(after German
attack on June 22,
1941)
-France
-United States
 Axis
Powers
-Italy
-Germany
-Japan
War in Europe: Stalingrad
Germany had attacked
Russia and Hitler
wanted Stalingrad for
the oil fields
 Hitler would not admit
defeat even though his
troops were surrounded
 Turning Point of War
In Europe because it
ended any plans
Hitler had for
domination in
Europe

Battle of Britain


After Germany had
successfully moved
through France Hitler
turned his focus to Great
Britain
Hitler’s Luftwaffe(German
Air Force) would battle
the Royal Air Force (RAF)

Winston Churchill
(Great Britain’s
leader) would stop
the German
offensive on the
western front
Allied Advances in Europe
(1943-1944)
 January,
1943: Allies
agree to fight until they
win “unconditional
surrender”
 February 1943: SU
takes back Stalingrad
and moves westward
 Same time, Allied
victory in Tunisia
secures Africa
Operation Overlord (D-Day)
Allies plan to invade German occupied
France to create two-front war for
Germany led by General Dwight D.
Eisenhower
 D-Day: when Allies hit Germany on the
beaches of Normandy (code name
Omaha)
 Now Germany fought a hopeless two
front war with Allies closing in on
Germany…this is why Germany lost
the war

Allied Advancements Cont…
 July
10, 1943: The
invasion of Italy.
 Fighting continues
from July 1943 to
June 1944 (70,000
Allied troops killed)
 Separate peace was
signed with new
Italian government
in September, 1943
Unconditional Surrender in Europe
(1944-1945)
 Britain
and U.S. air raid
strategic sights in Germany
(Flying Fortresses)
 June 6, 1944: D-Day and
the Allied invasion of
Normandy
 Battle at Normandy lasted
from June 6-July 24
 August 25, 1944: France
Germany’s Last Gasp Effort
 Hitler
was caught between
Allied troops coming from
the West and Stalin’s forces
coming from the East.
 December 1944: Battle of
the Bulge – Last German
offensive
 April 25, 1945: Russia and
Allied Forces meet at the
Elbe River
YALTA CONFERENCE
(February 1945)
Plans for German
surrender
 Stalin agrees to hold
free elections and
help with Japan
 Broken promises,
USSR’s position
strengthened
 Initiated Cold War

Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin
V-E Day
With a loss at the Battle of the Bulge Allies
forces were closing in on Germany & Hitler
 Ends war in Europe

Internal Assessment

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GAME TIME
Japanese Strategy

Three Phases
– Phase I: Surprise attacks, then strategic
defense.
 Knock out US fleet; seize vital areas; establish
defensive perimeter.
– Phase II: Strengthen perimeter; make any
offensive action by the US prohibitively
costly.
– Phase III: Defeat and destroy any forces
that attempt to penetrate the perimeter.

Long US LOC and natural strength of
defense should almost guarantee
success.
Immediate cause of war in
Pacific
US wants Japan
out of China
Tripartite Pact
Japan divided
• 1940 US bans exports of scrap iron to Japan
• Japan must import raw materials to sustain war (heavily
dependent on US)
• Germany, Italy, Japan- “New order”, come to defense
• US gives loans to China, political parties eliminated in Japan
• Attack USSR or South-east Asia? (Germany attacks USSR, so they
go south)
• Leads to US, Britain, Netherlands embargo
• Japan will run out of oil= Pearl Harbor
Historical debate of Japan’s
responsibility
Japan as aggressor
 Japan planned the war
from 1930’s
 Japan’s willingness to
negotiate was a plan to
keep enemy off guard
 Aggressor- aim to
conquer Asia
 Japanese declaration of
war blamed US
Japan as imperial power
 European style
imperialism
 Japan didn’t plan for war,
just took too many risks
 Japan was creating a
sphere of influence (like
US did in Latin America)
 Japan fought a defensive
war- triggered by US
embargoes. They had to
act
Allied Military Strategy in the
Pacific (1941-1945)
 By
1942, Japan had controlled almost the
entire area of the Pacific
 Allies were able to hold on to Hawaii and
Samoa
 “Active defense” campaign:
-Battle of the Coral Sea (May,1942)
-Battle of Midway (June, 1942)
-Battle of Guadalcanal (Aug. 1942-Feb.
1943)
Island Hopping
American strategy in
the Pacific of hopping
from island to island
on a steady path to
Japan
 Deadly process when
Japanese kamikazes
deliberately crash
their planes into
American ships

– Like suicide bombers
The Pacific Theatre Cont…
The Allies took control of
several islands in the
Pacific under the
leadership of General
Douglas MacArthur
-Iwo Jima (1945)
-Okinawa (1945)
 The recapture of the
Philippines was the
highlight (Oct. 1944-March

The Atomic Bomb Ends the War

Albert Einstein split atoms
and it created large
amounts of energy…FDR
creates the Manhattan
Project (but bombs
are tested in Arizona)
to develop the atomic
bomb for military use
– led by J. Robert
Oppenheimer not
realizing its potential
and future impact on
war would be so
devastating
“The Alternative to Surrender
is Prompt and Utter
Destruction”
 August
6, 1945:
Atomic bomb is
dropped on
Hiroshima (at least
75,000 killed)
 August 9, 1945:
Atomic bomb is
dropped on Nagasaki
“The War is Over”
 Japan
surrenders
to Allied Forces on
the U.S. Missouri
after the second
bomb was dropped
on NagasakiAugust 14th– V-J
Day
WWII Meetings
Casablanca Conference: first meeting between
Allies (GB and US) to discuss war strategies
 Tehran Conference: 1st Big Three meeting on
how to get Hitler to surrender
 Potsdam Conference: meeting to discuss how
to punish Germany and get Japan to surrender
 Yalta Conference: end of war meeting on how
to rebuild Europe and divide up Germany
amongst Allies

The Big Three
Joseph
Stalin for
Soviet
Union
FDR for
US, after
he dies
Harry
Truman
steps in.
Winston
Churchill
for Britain
THE COSTS OF THE WAR
 U.S.
lost over 300,000
 World suffered at least 60 million
 Over 25 million Russians alone died
 Over 10 million in death camps
 New fears arise after the war– fight
to contain Communism– THE COLD
WAR ERA!!
Next Class

Quiz on all of WWII
– Causes & Effects

Major Battle Campaigns of World War II
– Homework assignment!!!

Internal Assessment
– Questions / Conferences
– Get working
– I WILL NOT ACCEPT DONE INCORRECTLY!!!
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Exit Ticket
What was a key victory for the Allies in
Europe to stop Hitler’s advances along the
eastern front?
 What was the US strategy in the Pacific to
defeat the Japanese?
 What was the Yalta Conference?
 What was the Potsdam Conference?
 Manhattan Project?
 Why did the US choose to use the atom
bomb?
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