Transcript Victory Gardens

Americans join war effort
Needed soldiers
• 5 million volunteered
• 10 million drafted
Labor shortage at home
6 million women join labor
force
2 million minorities hired
Industrial response
• Automobile plants were converted to build tanks,
armored vehicles, etc.
• Factories across nation convert to war
production
• Shipbuilder Henry J Kaiser
– Liberty ships could be built in 2 weeks
– 2,700 would be built during the war
The Homefront
• The United States gov’t stirs
patriotic feelings
• Movies are used to build morale
• Propaganda is used to keep war
effort going
Education for Death
Racist Propaganda cartoon
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• civilians rationed goods/supplies
and planted “Victory Gardens”
Propaganda
http://z.about.com/d/politicalhumor/1/0/R/O/propaganda_quiet.jpg
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http://bss.sfsu.edu/tygiel/Hist427/1940sphotos/posters/ridewithhitler.jpg
Women Enter the Workforce
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War_Job_LG.jpg
Japanese Americans Interned
• Many Americans
distrusted Japanese –
Americans (Nisei)
• Thousands of
Japanese -Americans
were forced into
Internment Camps in
the Midwest
throughout WWII
http://www.library.wwu.edu/ref/images/japanese-evacuation.jpg
http://peacecorpsonline.org/messages/imagefolder/japaneseinternment.jpg
Internment Camp
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With the U.S. now at war
• We’ll divide our study of the war into 2 geographic areas:
• The European Theater of Operations
(the ETO)…Europe and No. Africa
• The Pacific Theater of Operations
(the PTO)
The Nazis had broken their pact w/USSR:
Operation Barbarossa (June 1941)
By 1942 : War not going well for the Allies:
– Germany controlled all of Europe and N.
Africa and were deep into Russia
Gloomy Prospects for the Allies
 The chain of spectacular victories disguised a
fatal weakness within the Axis alliance:
Japan and Germany fought separate
wars, they never coordinated strategies.
 The early defeats also obscured the Allies’
strengths:
The manpower of the Soviet Union and
the productive capacity of the U.S.
Turning Points of the War: The
Battle of Stalingrad
• The Pivotal battle in the war in Europe
The German Army (“Wehrmacht”) had already lost
2 million men on the eastern front.
• In 1942-43, a German army of over 300,000 was
defeated and captured at the Battle of Stalingrad.
• Scenes from Enemy at the Gates: Enemy at the Gates
• The Germans then lost the battle of Kursk and
began a long retreat.
• The Red Army crossed into Poland in January
1944.
Stalingrad
House by house…
Brick by brick
North Africa: El Alamein
• In 1942 German forces
tried to seize Egypt
and the Suez Canal
• American invasion:
“Operation Torch”
• Yanks and Brits drove
Germans out
• Turning point in N.
Africa: El Alamein
Defeat of Italy (1943)
• Invasion of Sicily opened door for
invasion of Italy
• Allies fought their way north up
the “boot”
• Mussolini forced to flee…
captured , executed, and hung by
his heels by anti-Mussolini Italians
The Doolittle Raid
• April, 1942
• Col. Jimmy Doolittle (related to me!) put
together mission to bomb Tokyo & other targets
IN Japan
• Bombers taking off a carrier?
• Military value? Not much
• Psychological value? HUGE moral boost for
American public
• Movie Trailer: Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo
The Pacific Theater: Early Battles
• American Forces halted the Japanese advance in two
decisive naval / air battles.
– Coral Sea (May 1942)
• U.S. stopped a fleet carrying Japanese troops to New
Guinea
• Japanese designs on Australia ended
– Midway (June 1942)
• Japanese Admiral Yamamoto hoped to capture Midway
Island as a base to attack Pearl Harbor again
• U.S. Admiral Chester Nimitz caught the Japanese by
surprise and sank 3 of the 4 aircraft carriers, 332 planes,
and 3500 men.
U.S. strategy to defeat Japan:
“Island-hopping”
• No need to capture EVERY
island…”hop” over some, leaving
Japanese troops isolated
• 1 island chain after another
U.S. Marines assault an island
Allied Island – Hopping (1942-45)
Europe: Operation Overlord
• Stalin had pressed FDR and Churchill for
over a year to open a 2nd front against the
Nazis…a cross-Channel invasion
• All logistics in place for the invasion of
Normandy, France in June, 1944
June 6, 1944: D - Day
• Combined American, British, Canadian assault
• Dwight D. Eisenhower: Supreme Allied Commander
Invasion of Europe (con.t)
• Allies cont. drive into France…by Aug., 1944:
liberation of Paris
The Allies
Advance
•Into Holland: “Operation Market Garden”
•Into Belgium:
•Nazis mount major counter-offensive
•Battle of the Bulge
Germany’s Defeat
Americans advanced into Germany from the west while the
Russians closed in on Berlin from the east
American and Russian soldiers meet at the Elbe River
Berlin 1945
Hitler’s Last Days
In the underground bunker:
committed suicide with
companion Eva Braun
With Berlin in ruins, the
Nazis surrendered May,
1945
Victory in Europe
at last
Time Magazine cover - 1945
Sec. 4
The Politics of War
The Wartime Conferences
• The Allied Leaders met
several times during the War
to discuss goals and to map
strategy :
Yalta Conference: Feb. ‘45
• The most important conference was at Yalta:
Churchill, FDR, & Stalin
• The Allies were clearly winning the war and the
end seemed near. The questions of what would
happen once Germany was defeated were of
huge importance:
The Polish Question
• Stalin maintained that historically, Poland had
been used as a corridor to invade Russia…
• He therefore believed it was critical that Poland
become a “buffer zone” , meaning that a Polish
gov’t friendly to Russia was necessary
• Translation: “friendly” gov’t = communist gov’t.
• The Big 3 agreed that free elections were to be
held in Poland…let the people choose their own
gov’t.
Yalta Conference (1945)
• A 2nd point:
USSR would enter war against Japan once
Germany was defeated
• A 3rd point:
Germany would be divided and occupied by
the Allies
• Other points of agreement:
– War-crimes trials
– Further discussion on creating a United Nations
Potsdam Conference: July ‘45
• In the Berlin suburb
of Potsdam:
– Churchill
– Truman (FDR had
died)
– Stalin
Potsdam
• Stalin balked at
free elections in
Poland
• Specifics of
Germany’s
occupation after
the war
Berlin
• The capital
city which lay
entirely in the
Russian zone
of occupation
was ALSO
divided into 4
zones
War, the Bomb,
and Final Victory
Sec. 5
After V-E Day: War in the Pacific
• Focus turns to
Japan
• US continues
“island-hopping”
strategy
• Goal: control of
islands close enough
to Japan to stage
bombing raids
Iwo Jima and Okinawa
Hiroshima & Nagasaki
FDR had died in
office and new
President Harry S.
Truman learned of a
new weapon.
He ordered it to be
used
Atomic Bomb
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http://www.upa.pdx.edu/IMS/currentprojects/TAHv3/PNGs/nagasaki
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Hiroshima: Aug.
6th, 1945
No surrender: Japanese military
attempted a coup to seize power
from the Emperor…wanted to
continue to fight
Aug.
th
9 :
nd
2
bomb on Nagasaki
Victory over
Japan:
VJ-DAY Aug
15, 1945
Victory Over Japan Day
Formal Japanese Surrender aboard
USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay
The U.S.S. Indianapolis
Quint's monologue:
(Jaws, 1976)