Transcript Warm-Up Question

■Essential Question:
–What factors led the United
States to shift from isolation in
the 1920s & 1930s to an active
war participant by 1941?
■Warm-Up Question:
–What caused World War 2?
–How do these factors compare
to the reasons for the outbreak
of World War 1?
American Isolationism
& Foreign Policy
in the 1920s & 1930s
Foreign Policy in the 1920s & 1930s
■After WWI, the U.S. assumed a
selective isolationist foreign policy
–Americans wanted to maintain
the economic boom of the 1920s
& desperate for an answer to the
depression in the 1930s
–But, the U.S. did play an active
role in attempts at international
disarmament & economic stability
In 1924,
Hoover
negotiated
a reduction in
The
U.S.
Foreign
Debt
Commission
Foreign
Policy:
Economic
Policy
German debt,
anportion
extended
canceled
a large
of time
theseperiod
debts, to
but
repay
debts,
&some
U.S. the
loans
to
help
Germany
■In
the
1920s,
most
divisive
insisted
that
of
the
money
be repaid
make
payments issue
to France
& England
international
was
war debts:
The Dawes
Plan helped
stabilize
the the
German
–European
nations
owed
U.S.
economy,
allowed
Germany
to
repay
the
$10 billion; Attempts to reclaim
Allies, and helped France & England repay
these
debts
ledUnited
to anti-American
their debts
to the
States
sentiment in Europe
–When Germany could not repay
$33 billion in reparations, the
U.S. negotiated the Dawes Plan
Foreign Policy: Economic Policy
■But the Great Depression made
post-war recovery in Europe
difficult in the 1930s:
–The Hawley-Smoot Tariff in 1930
limited European attempts to sell
their goods in the U.S.
–The U.S. was unable to provide
loans, leaving Germany unable
to repay reparations & Europe
unable to repay its war debts
The
USA,
England,
Japan,
Italy,
& France
Foreign
Policy:
International
Peace
But,
The
neither
Nine-Power
the
NineTreaty
or
Four-Power
reaffirmed
Acts
England,
USA,
Japan,
France
signed
the
Foursigned
the
Five-Power
Treaty
& agreed
to limit
had
provisions
the
Chinese
to
enforce
Open-Door
these
Policy
agreements
■The
USA
never
joined
the
League
Power Treaty
to collective
construction
ofagreeing
battleships
& aircraft security
carriers
of Nations, but did play a role in
attempts to avoid future wars:
–At the Washington Disarmament
Conference in 1921, world
leaders agreed to disarmament,
free trade, & collective security
–In 1928, almost every nation,
including the USA, signed the
Kellogg-Briand Pact, renouncing
war as a tool of foreign policy
Foreign Policy: International Peace
■These agreements did not last:
–Japan needed raw materials to
continue its industrial expansion
–Japan began to create an Asian
empire by attacking Manchuria
in 1931 & China in 1937
–In both occasions, the League
of Nations reprimanded Japan
but chose no punitive measures
Totalitarian Regimes:
Hideki Tojo & Emperor Hirohito
In 1937,Japan
Japanese
pilots bombed
the USS Panay,
Invades
Manchuria
a U.S. gunboat stationed in China, killing 3
Americans. The U.S. accepted Japan's apology &
promise against future attacks
Unlike the USS Maine or Lusitania, few
Americans called for war against Japan
Totalitarian Regimes: Benito Mussolini
Totalitarian Regimes: Hitler
The Munich Pact
“Peace in our time”
Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis
Foreign Policy: International Peace
■In the 1930s, FDR & Congress
were preoccupied with the Great
Depression to adequately plan for
new world conflicts involving
totalitarian dictators
■The rising threat of war in Europe
& Asia strengthened Americans’
desire to avoid involvement in
another world war
Foreign Policy: Citizen Attitudes
■In the 1920s & 1930s, most
Americans wanted to avoid
another “meaningless war”
–Munitions makers & bankers
were labeled “merchants of
death”
& were
blamed
forRoad to
Historian
Walter
Millis’
America’s
WarAmerican
blamed Wilson
& British propaganda
involvement
in WWI
for “duping” the U.S. into WWI
–Passivism swept across college
campuses; Students staged
“walk-outs” & anti-war rallies
The “Lost Generation”
All Quiet on the Western Front
portrayed WWI as brutal
The Neutrality
of 1935 banned
The Act
Neutrality
Acts
arms sales to nations at war & warned
citizens
to sail on belligerent
■The not
“merchants
of death”ships
charges
The were
Neutrality
1936Dakota
banned Senator
led Act
by of
North
loans
to
any
warring
nation
Gerald Nye from 1934 to 1936:
The Neutrality Act of 1937 made the
the Nye&Committee
1935–Reaction
& 1936 acts to
permanent
required
all trade
to beled
on atocash
& carry
basis to
report
popular
support
avoid making the same mistakes
that led America to enter WW1
–Congress passed 3 neutrality
acts to avoid future wars
■Essential Question:
–How did the Japanese attack on
Pearl Harbor alter the course of
World War 2?
■Reading Quiz Ch 25A (888-904)
The Road Towards
American Intervention
From Neutrality to Undeclared War
But…FDR was able to get $1 billion
■As
Europe
headed
toward
war,
from
Congress
to expand
the U.S.
navy
FDR openly expressed his favor
for intervention & took steps to
ready the U.S. for war
–In 1937, FDR unsuccessfully
tried to convince world leaders
to “quarantine the aggressors”
–Everything changed in 1939
with the Nazi-Soviet Pact & the
German invasion of Poland
From Neutrality to Undeclared War
“The destroyer-for-bases deal is the most
■When
WW2
began
in“merchants
1939, of
Still
attempting
to avoid
more
important
action
in the
reinforcement
of
death”
in the
banking
our
national
defense
thataindustry
has
been&taken
Congress
imposed
cash
carry
since
the
Louisiana
Purchase”
policy to aid the Allies: —FDR
–The U.S. would trade with the
FDR
responded
with
all-out
aid
to
Based
upon
the
Neutrality
Acts
Allies
but
would
not
offer
loans
the Alliesofbut
did not call for war
1935-1937
–The U.S. would not deliver
American products to Europe
■In addition, FDR traded 50 old
Still destroyers
attempting towith
avoidEngland
losing American
for 8
lives
at
sea
by
German
submarines
naval bases in Western Europe
From Neutrality to Undeclared War
“The future of western
Isolationistscivilization
Interventionists
is being decided
Groups like
the
■ Were appalled
by the■battlefield
upon
of Europe”
Committee
to
—CDAAA
chair, William
this departure from
Allen
White
Defend
America by
neutrality & FDR’s
Aiding the Allies
involvement of the
called for unlimited
U.S. in foreign war
aid to England
■ Their “fortress of
■ They argued that
America” idea
St.
Louis that
Dispatch headline:
the events in
argued
“Dictator Roosevelt Europe did impact
Germany
was
not
Commits Act of War”
a threat to the U.S. the security of U.S.
From Neutrality to Undeclared War
■By 1940, “interventionists” had
the majority of American public
sentiment on their side:
–in 1940, Congress appropriated
$10 billion for preparedness
–FDR called for America’s first
ever peacetime draft
–In the election of 1940, FDR
was overwhelmingly elected for
an unprecedented 3rd term
From Neutrality to Undeclared War
■By 1940, England remained the
only active opposition to Hitler
but was running out of money
■FDR called for a Lend-Lease Act:
–U.S. can sell or lend war
supplies to Allied nations
–Congress put $7 billion to allow
England full access to U.S. arms
U.S. Cash and Carry Program
Lend-Lease Supply Routes
From Neutrality to Undeclared War
■England desperately needed help
escorting U.S.-made supplies
through the u-boat infested Atlantic
–FDR allowed for U.S. patrols in
the western half of the Atlantic
–German attacks on U.S. ships in
1941 led to an undeclared naval
war between USA & Germany
U.S. Cash and Carry Program
From Neutrality to Undeclared War
■In 1941, FDR & Churchill met to
secretly draft the Atlantic Charter:
–The U.S. & Britain discussed a
military strategy if the USA were
to enter the war
–They discussed post-war goals
of free trade & disarmament
■In 1941, Germany broke the
Nazi-Soviet Pact & invaded Russia
From Neutrality to Undeclared War
■FDR brought U.S. to the brink of
war & opened himself to criticism:
–In Sept 1941, polls showed
80% of Americans supported
remaining neutral in WW2
–FDR had to wait for the Axis to
make a decisive move…which
Japan delivered on Dec 7, 1941
Pearl Harbor
Showdown in the Pacific
Theadvantage
U.S. now faced
a
■Japan took full
of the
possible 2-ocean war…
European war to expand in Asia:
…but Germany was still
–Attackedseen
coastal
China
as the primary danger
–Seized French & Dutch colonies
in East Indies & Indochina
–Signed the Tripartite Pact with
Germany & Italy in 1940
■FDR retaliated against Japan
with fuel, iron, & oil sanctions
The Greater East Asia-Prosperity Company
Rich in Tin, Oil, Rubber
Showdown in the Pacific
■In 1941, the U.S. & Japan were
This wastoreally
a stall tactic resolve
intended
unable
diplomatically
to
hide
Japanese
military
preparations
their differences, so the USA:
for an the
attack onJapan
Pearlwanted
Harboran end
U.S. wanted
–Froze
all Japanese
assets
USA
Japanese
removed
to sanctions
& in
a free
from China
hand
to
China
–Banned all oil sales to Japan
■Hideki Tojo sent an envoy to
negotiate for a resolution…but
secretly ordered an attack on the
U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor
On Dec 7, 1941, the U.S. naval fleet in the
Pacific was crippled by the attack; 8 battleships
were sunk & 2,400 Americans were killed
Showdown in the Pacific
■After Pearl Harbor:
–Congress declared war against
Japan on Dec 8, 1941
–Italy & Germany declared war
on the U.S. on Dec 11, 1941
■American public opinion was now
fully behind the war effort to
defeat the fascist threat in Europe
& to seek revenge against Japan