Transcript operation sealion

WWII
• Germany invades Poland on
September 1, 1939
• Two days later, Britain and
France declare war on
Germany
• Germans took Poland in less
than a month
• In late August, Hitler and
Stalin had signed a
nonaggression pact
• Red Army entered Poland
from the east and the two
split the country
Germany Invades Poland
HITLER’S GERMANY INVADES POLAND
SEPTEMBER 1, 1939
RUSSIAN INVADES EASTERN POLAND
JEWS FLEE
EUROPE IN
PREPARATION
FOR WAR
PHONY WAR LASTS
FROM OCTOBER 1939
TO APRIL 1940
After war starts Congress
passes Neutrality act of 1939
Permits Britain and France to
purchase weapons on cash and
carry basis
Loans and credit purchases
still illegal
German aggression scared
Americans
BLITZKRIEG DEVASTATES NORWAY,
DENMARK, THE NETHERLANDS AND
BELGIUM
APRIL 1940
GERMANY
INVADES
DENMARK AND
NORWAY.
WITHIN WEEKS
THESE COUNTRIES
FELL TO
GERMANY AS DID
BELGIUM AND THE
NETHERLANDS
THE MAGINOT LINE FAILS TO PROTECT THE
FRENCH COUNTRY SIDE
IF YOU ENTRENCH YOURSELF BEHIND A STRONG FORTRESS
YOU COMPEL YOUR ENEMIES TO SEEK A SOLUTION
GERMAN FORCES POUR INTO FRANCE
ALLIED SOLDIERS TRAPPED BETWEEN
GERMAN ADVANCE AND ENGLISH CHANNEL
MIRACLE AT DUNKIRK
DUNKIRK
338,000 BRITISH AND
FRENCH SOLDIERS
SAVED
FRANCE
FOLDS JUNE
22, 1940
FRANCE SIGNS ARMISTICE IN SAME
RAILROAD CAR THAT GERMAN SIGNED
ARMISTICE TO END WORLD WAR I
BATTLE FOR BRITAIN STARTS
“OPERATION SEALION”
HITLER IS DETERMINED TO
TAKE BRITAIN
British Prime Minister Winston
Churchill
OPERATION SEALION
TURNS AWAY FROM
ATTACKING MILITARY
POSITIONS TO CIVILIAN
ONES
THE BLITZ ATTACKS
MAJOR CITIES
DESTROYS BUILDINGS
ALL OVER BRITAIN
HITLER WANTS BRITISH
CIVILIANS TO DEMAND
SURRENDER
BRITAIN FIGHTS ON,
USES RADAR TO BEAT
GERMANS
American Sympathy (and little else)
Goes to Britain
• Americans in shock by
German attacks on
British civilians.
• Awed by British
perseverance and will.
1940-41
• Hitler had conquered all of the Balkan region
• In June, 1941, he launched his invasion of the
Soviet Union
• FDR moved Pacific fleet from California to Pearl
Harbor in May, 1940
• September 27th- Japan joined the Axis powers
• When Japan occupied Indochina in July, 1941,
FDR froze all Japanese assets in the US and cut
off its oil supplies
GERMANY FAILS IN BRITAIN
AND ITALY IN AFRICA
• WHILE GERMANYWAS BEING
PUSHED BACK BY THE BRITS THE
ITALIANS, JEALOUS OF THE SUCCESS
OF HITLER LAUNCH THEIR OWN
SERIES OF ATTACKS IN NORTH
AFRICA AND GREECE
MUSSOLINI AIDS THE ALLIED
CAUSE
• HITLERS PLAN TO ATTACK RUSSIA
NEEDED TIMING
• MUSSOLINI’S FAILURES IN NORTH
AFRICA AND GREECE PUSHES BACK
THE INVASION BY 6 WEEKS
• JUNE 22, 1941 THE INVASION BEGINS
OPERATION
BARBAROSSA
• WHY BREAK THE TRUCE?
– LAND
– RESOURCES
– END COMMUNISM
 HITLER ATTACKS WITH 3 MILLION
MEN
RUSSIAN ARMY UNPREPARED
LOSE 2.5 MILLION SOLDIERS
EALRY IN THE FIGHTING
NAPOLEON REDUX
• HITLERS ARMIES EXPLODE INTO
RUSSIA SOVIET ARMY FORCING
INTO A MASSIVE RETREAT
– ARMIES DESTROY FACTORIES, CROP
AND BUILDING IN THEIR RETREAT
– BY FALL, NAZI’S ARE READY TO
TAKE MOSCOW AND LENINGRAD
– GERMANS STALL AS THE RUSSIAN
WINTER KICKS IN (-20) freeze to
death.
SEIGE OF LENINGRAD
• SEPTEMBER 1941, 2.5 YEAR SEIGE OF
LENINGRAD STARTS.
• PEOPLE OF LENINGRAD GIVEN ONLY
TWO PIECES OF BREAD A DAY
– ATE ALMOST ANYTHING: WALLPAPER,
BRIEF CASES
– 1 MILLION RUSSIANS DIE
The Soviet Union
• Hitler’s forces overran the Red Army, killing or
capturing nearly 3 million soldiers
• Soviet resistance- Russians cut German supply
lines and sent every available resource to Russian
troops outside Moscow
• Summer of 1942, Hitler decided to attack
Stalingrad, a major industrial city on the Volga
River; Soviets suffered more casualties in these
battles than Americans did in the entire war
STALINGRAD PROVES
COSTLY
• GERMANS
SURROUND THE
CITY
• RUSSIAN ENCIRCLE
THE GERMANS
– STREET TO STREET
AND HOUSE TO
HOUSE FIGHTING
RAGED
– RUSSIAN TRAP THE
GERMAN ARMY IN
STALINGRAD
HITLER FAILS IN RUSSIA
HITLER FAILS TO TAKE
MOSCOW WHEN HE HAS THE
CHANCE INSTEAD
ATTACKING LENINGRAD
THEN HE FAILS TO TAKE
STALINGRAD OR RETREAT
AND LOSES HIS WHOLE
ARMY IN THE SOUTH.
continued
• February, 1943- German 6th Army was
defeated
• In retreat, Germans lost another major battle
in the Ukraine
• US lend-lease program helped the Russians
Atlantic Charter
• Secret meeting between FDR and Churchill
in August, 1941
• To map out military strategy and declare
“common principles”
• Similar to Wilson’s 14 Points
US Prepares for war
• FDR move Pacific
Fleet from San
Diego to Pearl
Harbor in early
1940
• Why did he do this?
Pearl Harbor
December 7, 1941
• Within 2 hours, Japanese pilots had
destroyed nearly 200 American planes and
badly damaged the fleet, more than 2,400
Americans were killed and 1,200 wounded
• On the same day, Japan struck US bases on
the Philippines, Guam, and Wake Island
Pearl Harbor
Attack on Pearl Harbor
Attack on Pearl Harbor
Attack on Pearl Harbor
December 8th
• Roosevelt called the attack on Pearl Harbor a date
that “will live in infamy,” and asked Congress for
a declaration of war against Japan
• With only one dissenting vote- by pacifist
Jeannette Rankin of Montana- Congress acceded
• Hitler asked the Reichstag on December 11th to
support war against the “half-judaized and the
other half Negrified” American nation Mussolini
joined in the declaration of war on America
Allied Offensive
• Spring, 1942- Germany, Italy and Japan
commanded territory from France to the
Pacific Ocean
• Battle of El Alamein- October, 1942Egypt- British 8th Army stopped a major
offensive by the German General Rommel,
the “Desert Fox”
North
Africa
• Americans entered the war in Europe as part of
Operation Torch, the landing of British and
American troops in Morocco and Algeria in
November
• Casablanca Conference- January, 1943 FDR and
Churchill announced that they would only accept
unconditional surrender from their enemies
• May, 1943- Allies controlled N. Africa
Allied Invasion of Europe
• In July 1943, British and American troops Land in
Sicily
• Mussolini was dismissed by the king July 25 1943
(Arrested
• Italy surrendered on September 8, 1943
• Hitler sent troops to northern Italy Rome 9-11-43
• Hitler rescues Mussolini 9-12-43
• 6-5-44 allies enter Rome
• Warsaw Ghetto Uprising- spring, 1943
• Partisans were active in many sections of Europe
D-Day
June 6, 1944
• Stalin continues to call for a “Second Front”
• Operation Overlord- the invasion of Normandy
• Allied fleet brought more than 175,000 troops and
more than 20,000 vehicles to France
• Germans killed 2,500 troops.
• In the next six weeks, one million more Allied
soldiers came ashore
D-Day, Invasion of France
Aerial Bombing
• US pilots preferred the daylight hours, while the British
bombed during the night
• Bombing missions over the Rhineland and the Ruhr
took out many German factories
• Royal Air Force leveled the city of Hamburg
• 60 other cities were hit hard also
• Feb 13-15 45 Dresden 3,900 tons of bombs, 30,000
dead
• Air offensive weakened German morale
End of European War
• Allied troops arrived in Paris in August, 1944
• One occupied country after another fell
• Battle of the Bulge- Allies were taken by surprise
driving them back 50 miles before they were
stopped
• This last effort exhausted the German capacity for
counterattack
• It was the bloodiest American battle since
Gettysburg
BATTLE OF THE BULGE
V-E DAY
• Hitler commits suicide on April
30th
• Adm. Karl Donitz surrenders on
May 8th
• The “Thousand Year Reich” ends
after 12 years and millions dead