Transcript chapter-34-roosevelt-and-the-shadow-of-war

CHAPTER 34
I. Roosevelt and foreign policy
A. London Economic
Conference
 to attack global depression
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stabilize national currencies
 fearing that the conference might hurt
Roosevelt’s gold policies because of an
international agreement he urges delegates to
concentrate on more basic economic ills.
 this will cause the conference to be a failure -demonstrates the strength of U.S. position in
the world
B. Soviet Recognition
 The government was firmly in control
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the other major countries had recognized them
 our cold shoulder treatment had not caused
the Soviet Union to collapse
 some Americans felt that a recognition of
Moscow might bolster Russian against Japan.
 U.S. might be able to enrich trade with Soviet
Union
C. Soviet Promises
 Soviets promise to refrain from
revolutionary propaganda in America.
 they will break that pledge
 trade will never develop because Russia
is denied a loan.
D. 1934 Congress passes a
program for Filipino freedom
 after 10 year period
 naval bases were kept
E. Good Neighbor policy
 possible because there were fewer
dollars to be protected by the rifles of the
Marines.
 retreat from economic imperialism.
 War in Europe causes U.S. to want to
encourage Latin America to line up with
U.S. to defend Western Hemisphere
F. What did the plan
implement?
 U.S. renounce armed intervention
 marines leave Haiti in 1934
 Platt Amendment relieved in Cuba
except for Guantanamo
 U.S. received high praise and best
relations with Latin America
G. Cordell Hull’s Reciprocal
Trade Agreement
 Trade is a two way street
 Purpose was to help America out of the
Depression by opening up markets
 Pacts with 21 countries
 Trade does increase
 Lower tariff rates by 50% provided that
the other countries respond with similar
action
II. ISOLATIONISM
POLICY OF THE UNITED STATES
AGAINST THE TOTALITARIANISM
OF EUROPE
A. Totalitarianism in Europe
 Communism in Russia with Stalin as
dictator
 Mussolini in Italy in 1922 (fascist)
 Hitler in Germany 1933 (fascist)
 Militarism in Japan and the military
controls the Emperor
B. Rome Berlin Axis
 German people followed Hitler because they
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see no other way out of the economic chaos
and national disgrace
Mussolini takes over in Italy for the same
reasons – They attack Ethiopia in 1935
As these events take place in Europe,
Isolationism increases in America
We had learned lessons from WWI – we had a
mote lets use it.
The depression was in the minds of most
Americans
III. Congress and
Neutrality
Neutrality acts of 1935, 36, 37
A. When the President proclaims
the existence of a foreign war
 No American could sail on a belligerent
ship
 We could not sell or transport munitions
to a belligerent
 We could not make loans to a
belligerent
 This was an example of our – STORM
CELLAR NEUTRALITY
 This fails to recognize our power to
control international events.
 It tends to overbalance in favor of the
dictators because we fail to use our
great strength to help our democratic
friends.
 We will decline to build up our armed
forces to deter aggressors
B. SPANISH CIVIL WAR
 Franco is helped by Hitler and Mussolini
 Loyalist are helped by the Soviets
 Washington continues official relations
but applies the Neutrality legislation to
both sides which condemns the Spanish
Democracy to death as we appease the
dictators.
C. Japanese Appeasement
 1937 Japan invades China
 Roosevelt declines to invoke neutrality to keep
from cutting off needed materials
 Gives a Quarantine Speech in fall of 1937
asking for “positive endeavors to quarantine
aggressors” (economic embargos)
 Causes isolationists to protest that a “moral
quarantine would lead to a shooting
quarantine.”
D. JAPAN BOMBS THE
PANAY
 No reaction at home like the Maine
 Apology of Japan is accepted,
indemnities were paid and Americans
were relieved
E. Germany
 Hitler flouts the Versailles treaty and moves into
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the Rhineland 1936
Hitler builds the most devastating military
machine the world had ever known -- blitzkreig
Early1938 Hitler Annexes Austria
Then he takes the Sudetenland in 1938 and
the Munich Agreement is signed
1939 takes the rest of Czechoslovakia
Aug of 39 he signs the Nazi – Soviet Pact
which allows Hitler to attack Poland
Britain and France declare war
F. 1938 he begins the process
of liquidating the Jews
 1935 Nuremberg laws denied German Jews
Citizenship
 1938 German Jews were barred from attending
Concerts, plays, schools, universities, and they
had to register their property.
 When a Jewish youth assassinated a German
official in Paris--Hitler levied a fine against all
Jews of 400 Million Dollars
 Kristallnacht Nov. 9 1938
G. Neutrality Act of 1939
 To avoid loans and war debts
 Avoid torpedoing of American carriers
 Solves the unemployment crisis
 France falls in 1940 with Mussolini’s
Help
 Hitler then takes Denmark, Norway,
Holland, and Belgium
H. Americans begin to wake
up
 Congress appropriates 37 billion in 1940
 Builds an Air Fleet and a two Ocean
Navy
 This was more than the total cost of all
of WWI
 Begins the FIRST PEACE TIME DRAFT
I. Loans to Europe
 Surplus arms go to Britain
 Sept. 2, 1940 -- U.S. transfers 50 old
model destroyers to Britain for bases in
Newfoundland and other islands
 This was done by Presidential Executive
Order to avoid Congressional Debate
J. Isolationists
 Numerous and sincere
 Organize the America First Committee
 Let Hitler “try” to come over here
 The Yanks are not coming
 Most effective spokes person Col.
Charles Lindberg
 Page 811
K. Election of 1940
 Roosevelt the Demo. 3rd term
 Willkie the Rep.
 Both were anti war
 Roosevelt Wins
 In his inaugural address he outlines his
four freedoms – Freedom of Speech,
Freedom of Worship, Freedom from
Want, and Freedom from Fear
IV. Going to War
A. Lend Lease Act
 An act to further promote the defense of
America
 A device to keep us out of war
 America would send a limitless amount
of arms and settle at the end of the war
by returning weapons
 Aimed at the axis powers
B. Hitler recognizes the lend lease
act as an unofficial act of war.
 Tried to keep American favor by not sinking
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American ships
Turns to sinking American ships in 1941 – sank
the Robin Moor.
American begins to convoy shipments –
destroyers Kearney and Reuben James sunk
Fears of the isolationists are realized
With the collapse of France and the
Netherlands, Japan moves south
C. Atlantic Charter
Roosevelt 14 points
 Atlantic conference is held in Aug. 1941
– between Roosevelt and Churchill
 No territorial changes contrary to the will
of the inhabitants
 Right to choose government
 Call for a new league of nations
 8 points in all
D. Pearl Harbor
 1940 Japan and Germany form the Rome
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Berlin Tokyo axis
Japan depends on U.S. oil, steel, gas and
scrap iron
Mid 1941 U.S. embargos oil shipments to all
nations except Western Hemisphere and
Britain.
September – A Japanese Imperial Conference
approves an attack in Hawaii
November -- Japan presents their final
proposal to Secretary of State Cordell Hull
E. Final U.S. ultimatum – Japan
must move out of China to resume
getting Oil
 Japan attacks Pearl Harbor Dec. 7,
1941
 Most American commanders felt the
attack would come in the south Pacific
 7:53 AM
 2 hours long
 3 out of 8 battle ships sunk the others badly
damaged
 19 ships sunk or disabled
 150 planes destroyed
 2400 Americans die