Transcript insightful accurate

US during WWII
Reverse Lecture…
•
PARTICIPATE!
– Earn Points after every response:
• 4pts: The student response provides an insightful accurate analysis of the
event(s) and cites convincing historical evidence to support the analysis,
shows full comprehension of complex ideas expressed
– INSIGHTFUL (Difficult to obtain)
• 3pts: The student response provides a mostly accurate analysis of the
event(s) and cites convincing historical evidence to support the analysis,
shows a comprehension of complex ideas expressed
• 2pts: The student response provides a generally accurate analysis of the
event(s) and cites convincing historical evidence to support the analysis,
shows basic comprehension of complex ideas expressed
• 1pts: The student response provides a minimally accurate analysis of the
event(s) and cites convincing historical evidence to support the analysis,
shows limited comprehension of complex ideas expressed
• 0pts: Inaccurate & Off base
Mobilizing the Home Front
•
•
•
•
•
•
Selective Training and Service Act (1940)
War Production Board (1942)
War Labor Board
Office of Price Administration (1943)
Office of War Information
Fair Employment Practices Committee
(1941)
Selective Training and Service
Act
• First peacetime draft in
American History
• Registered men between
ages 21 to 35; however
expanded to 18 to 45
• 2/3 of soldiers (approx. 16
mil) served in WWII were
draftees (including
300,000 women)
• Planned to train more than
2 million troops &
reserves
War Production Board
• Responsible for allocation
of scarce raw materials
• ½ of factory production
went into war materials
• Rubber & Steel
• ½ of factory production
went into war materials
• By 1943- US producing
twice as many goods as
Enemy countries
combined
Office of Price Administration
• Established rent ceilings and
maximum prices on
commodities
• Froze prices and rents at March
1942 levels
• Ration Program
– Tires, Gasoline, Shoes, Sugar,
Meats, Butter,Oils, Fats…
• Coupon Plans & Certificate
(Application) Plans
• WWII cost of living increased
29% (During WWI- 170%)
• Due to rationing, many families
grew “victory gardens” in
backyards
National War Labor Board
• Controlled wages, set
hours, monitored working
conditions, and mediated
labor disputes
• “No Strike Pledge” in
contracts
• Smith-Connolly Antistrike
Act (1943)
Authorized govt to seize mines
idled by strike during
wartime
Office of War Information
• Issued propaganda to
ensure patriotism
• Maintained morale at
home and warned
people about dangers
of the enemy
Funding for War?
• Tremendous increase
in taxes
• National Debt
increases
– 1941: $49 bil.
– 1945: $259 bil.
• War bonds &
propaganda used
Effect on Economy?
U.S. Personal Savings in Billions
$40.0
$30.0
$20.0
$10.0
$0.0
1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947
Years
Unemployment Rate
1939: 17% & 1944: less than 2%
Treatment of Minorities during the
War
• African Americans
– Philip Randolph & March on Washington
• Women
– Rosie the Riveter
• Mexican Americans
• Japanese Americans
•
•
•
•
•
Fair Employment Practices
Committee
Massive migration of African
Americans to industrial centers
Riots took place due to racial tensions
(ex: Detroit Race Riots in June 1943)
A. Philip Randolph’s – father of Civil
Rights
– three demands:
• Equal access to defense jobs
• Desegregation of armed
forces
• End to segregation in federal
agencies
– proposes March on Washington in
1941
FDR establishes Executive Order 8802
in June 1941 to establish Fair
Employment Practices Committee
– prohibiting discrimination based
on race, origin, color, etc. in
defense-industries or federal govt.
job
Growth of NAACP
– From 50,000 to 500,000 by end of
WWII
Philip Randolph
Women during WWII
More than 5 mil. Women joined labor force
during WWII
Women’s pay less than 2/3 of man’s in same
industry as of 1945
Mexican Americans
• Bracero Program
created to increase
farm production
– Short term work
permits issued to
Mexicans
• Zoot Suit Riots in LA
• Discrimination
occurred due to scarce
housing in CA
Japanese Americans
•
110,000 put into Japanese Internment
Camps aka “America’s Concentration
Camps”
–
•
•
•
10 Locations in 7 states
Executive Order 9066 (Feb 1942)
Nisei (American born) vs Issei (Foreign
born)
–
•
Over 18,000 Nisei fought in US army
Korematsu vs US- upholds internment
camps
–
•
Given 48 hours to dispose of their
belongs (received only 5% of their
possessions’ worth)
military decisions are supreme &
persons couldn’t be held once loyalty is
established
Camps closed in March 1946
Japanese America
Major Battles in Europe
• Turning Points: Battle of Stalingrad (Summer 1942 to January 1943)
• & El Alamein (Nov. 1943)- end of Nazi presence in North Africa
(Ike)- Operation Torch
• Invasion of Italy & March into Rome (Summer 1943 & June 1944)Fall of Mussolini (Patton)
• D-Day (June 1944)- Established second front & eventually regained
France (Ike)- Operation Overlord
• Battle of the Bulge ( December 1944)- last major German offensive
(Patton)
• Attack on Berlin (April 1945)- Hitler eventually commits suicide on
April 30 (YEAH!)
• V-E Day on May 7, 1945
D-Day
Major Battles in Pacific
• Bataan Death March- US Lost Philippines (Spring 1942)
• Doolittle Raid- payback for Pearl Harbor
• Turning Point: Battle of Midway (June 1942)- Ended threat to Hawaii
& Midway Islands; US on offensive
• Strategy Used after 1943- Island hopping
• Battle of Leyte Golf (Oct 1944)- US eventually regains control of
Philippines
• Raid on Japan- destruction of most major cities
– March 1945: 100,000 die in a single Tokyo raid
– Made possible after Battle of Iwo Jima (Feb. 1945)
• Battle of Okinawa (Spring 1945)- Japan uses kamikaze, lots of
bloodshed (50,000 American Casualties)
• Bombing of Hiroshima & Nagasaki (August 1945)
• V-J Day: September 2, 1945
Attack of the Kamikaze
Manhattan Project
• Started in 1939 by
Office of Scientific
Research and
Development (OSRD)
• Cost over 2 billion in
research
• More than 600,000
Americans involved in
creating the Bomb
Manhattan Project
• 1939- Einstein wrote FDR letter from Germany
– Warned FDR about advanced German scientists’
military research
– Confirmed the possibility of building such a destructive
weapon
• 1942-General Leslie Groves & Enrico Fermi
concentrate on Manhattan Project
• Robert Oppenheimer directed Los Alamos, New
Mexico to build first atomic bomb
1945
Manhattan Project
-Yalta Conference (Feb. 4-11, 1945)
-SU promised to enter War in Pacific 3 months after Germany’s surrender
-Free elections in Eastern Europe & USSR keeps pre 1939 territory
-Germany divided into 4 occupational zones
-Post WWII Goals
• July 16- First successful test in NM (Bomb referred to as “Trinity”)
• July 17- August 2: Potsdam Conference…
– Post WWII Treatment (Set stage for Nuremberg Trials)
– SU starts to go back on agreements made in past Conferences (SU
expansion plans are openly discussed)
• July 26- Truman promised “prompt and utter destruction” if Japan didn’t
surrender
• August 6- Bombing of Hiroshima
• August 9- Bombing of Nagasaki
• August 14- Emperor Hirohito surrenders
• September 2- V-J Day- formal surrender signed abroad USS Missouri in
Tokyo Bay
• SHOULD THE U.S. USED THE ATOMIC BOMB?
Bombing of Hiroshima
•
•
•
•
Occurred on August 6th, 1945
Dropped by B-29 Bomber, Enola Gay
Destroyed approximately 4 square miles
Killed approximately 70,000 to 90,000
instantaneously & approx. 100,000 injured
“Little Boy”
Made up of Uranium
Weight 9000 lbs & 28
inch diameter & 120
inch long
Bombing of Hiroshima
After bombing Hiroshima
Bombing of Nagasaki
• Occurred on Aug 9th, 1945
• Killed approximately 40 to 60,000 people
“Fat Boy”
-Plutonium
-10,000 lbs & 60 inch
diameter & 128 inch
long
Bombing of Nagasaki
Hiroshima…
Aftermath at Hiroshima
Aftermath…
• War Costs
– US Debt 1940 - $9 Billion
– US Debt 1945 - $98 Billion
• WWII cost $330 billion – 10 times the
cost of WWI & equivalent to all
previous federal spending since 1776
Aftermath of WWII
•
46 to 55 million dead & 35 mil wounded & 3 mil missing
– About 30 mil soldiers died
– Approx. 300,000 of which were Americans
– 23 mil SU died
•
•
•
30 mil Europeans lost their homeland
Massive destruction of cities
Discovery of the Holocaust
– Approx. 8 to 11 mil exterminated including 6 mil. Jews exterminated
•
•
•
•
•
•
Atomic Age (Massive build up of nuclear bombs & energy)
What to do with Eastern Europe?
US vs SU for World Power? Cold War from 1946 to 1992
Growth of Nationalism in underdeveloped areas (ex: Indochina)
Sunbelt region emerged as a result of the War (Power begins to shift from NE
to SW & W)
Start of Civil Rights for African Americans?
American Combat Deaths by War (Killed in action or death by wounds)
World War II
291,557
American Civil War
212,938
World War I
53,402
Vietnam
47,355
Korean War
33,746
American Revolutionary War
8,000
War on terror*
4,977
War of 1812
2,260
Mexican American War
1,733
http://necrometrics.com/warsusa.htm
• Anything else that is important about WWII
that wasn’t discussed?
Hey Jordan Riddick… Will you go
to the prom with me?
-Saskia
I want you to wear this!
Today’s Zoot Suit fashion?