Transcript New Ideas and Leaders

Democracy
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Rule by the people
Civil Rights
Representative democracy
Capitalism – private business, no
government ownership, free market
Rule of Law
Canada and USA, 1930s
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Mired in a Depression
High Unemployment
Poverty
Hunger
Was capitalism failing?! Was democracy in
Danger?!
No!
Democracy was kept safe here . . .
But
in other parts of the world…
Contestant #1
I am a womanizer, have
self-interested policies
and unfortunately suffer
from ailing health.
Contestant #2
I have a drinking habit and
a defiant tongue or attitude
Contestant #3
I am a decorated war hero,
do not drink and want
to create a stable economy
Contestant #1
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
Contestant #2
Winston Churchill
Contestant #3
Adolf Hitler
Rise of Totalitarianism
Treaty of Versailles
Black Tuesday
1929
- stock market crashes
Total Control
of State by a
Dictator
Great Depression
during
1930s
Increasing influence of new
political parties that emphasize
state control
-For example: Communism,
Nazism, Fascism
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Government establishes complete control of all aspects of the state
(political, military, economy, social, cultural)
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Highly nationalistic (flags, salutes, rallies, uniforms)
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Strict controls and laws
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Military state (secret police, army, military)
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Censorship (opposing literature and ideas)
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Propaganda (media – radio, newspapers, posters)
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One leader (dictator); charismatic
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Total conformity of people to ideas and leader
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Terror and Fear
Nazism
Totalitarianism
Communism
Fascism
*These theories, specifically Communism and Fascism,
are completely different theories that are bitterly
opposed; however they exhibit the same behaviour
Dictators
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Dictatorship – one ruler with complete absolute
power, not limited by law, opposition suppressed
Dictators of the 1930s
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Joseph Stalin – Soviet Union
Benito Mussolini – Italy
Adolf Hitler – Germany
Hideki Tojo - Japan
Francisco Franco – Spain
Joseph Stalin: leader of the Soviet
Union from 1922-1953
What is Communism?
• LEFT WING
• based on theory by Karl Marx
• revolutionary idea of a political,
economic and social system that
creates a “classless society”
• state ownership and control of the
means of production (no private
ownership)
• Soviet Communism or “Stalinism”,
was more of a totalitarian and
military state combined with
elements of communism
Benito Mussolini: leader (Il Duce) of
Italy from 1922 to 1943
What is Fascism?
• RIGHT WING
• intense nationalism and elitism
• totalitarian control
• interests of the state more important
than individual rights
•No individual liberty
• maintain class system and private
ownership
Interesting Fact: Fascism name was derived from
the fasces, an ancient Roman symbol of authority
consisting of a bundle of rods and an ax
Adolf Hitler: leader (der Fuhrer) or
dictator of Germany from 1933 to 1945
What is Nazism?
• extremely fascist , nationalistic and
totalitarian
• based on beliefs of the National
Socialist German Workers Party
• belief in the racial superiority of the
Aryan, the “master race”
• belief that all Germans should have
“lebensraum” or living space in Europe
•Violent hatred towards Jews and
blamed Germany’s problems on them
Japan
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Militarism
War is main policy of
government
Use of force to reach
goals
Strong Army
Rising Sun
Japanese
Imperial Flag
Emperor Hirohito
Hideki Tojo
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Preached virtues of
territorial expansion
Needed to conquer – gain
more land
Japan poor in natural
resources
Claimed Japan’s destiny was
to drive out the western
colonial powers and rule all
of Asia
Censored media and
demanded total obedience
Spain
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Spanish Civil War, 1936
Francisco Franco vs. Republic
Government
Spain the place to stop the
rise of Fascism?
Democracies looked the
other way, remained neutral
(U.S., Britain, France)
Hitler aided Franco, tested
out strategies/weapons for
future conflicts in his quest
to enlarge Germany
Falange
Francisco Franco
Was the Rise of Fascism
stopped?
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No!
Franco won, Spain became Fascist, too
If U.S., Britain, France would have aided
Spain, would that have stopped the rise of
fascism and slowed Hitler?
Or would WWII have started then instead
of 3 years later?
Totalitarian Governments Test the
League of Nations
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Japan/
Manchuria
Italy/
Ethiopia
Spanish
Civil
War
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Without government approval, some Japanese generals invaded
Chinese province of Manchuria to gain land/resources for Japan.
This demonstrated the weakness of the Japanese government
and the strength of Japanese nationalists.
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The League of Nations did nothing to stop them
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In 1935 Italy invaded the East African nation of Ethiopia.
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Ethiopian emperor Haile Selassie asked the League of Nations
for help. However, the international community unwilling to take
a stand against aggression.
Conflict between Communists and the Fascists and Nationalists
led to civil war in 1936.
Other countries in Europe and North America helped one side or
the other during this conflict. Franco’s Nationalists won.
The League of Nations failed early tests of its strength!
Why War Again??
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Beginning in early 1930s,
Germany, Italy and
Japan all began
campaigns to acquire
territory
They fought the effects
of depression in their
countries by encouraging
military buildup
Other nations, tired of
war and weakened by
depression were
reluctant to stop them
• GESTAPO:
the Secret State Police
• SS (Schutzstaffel): Defense Corps “black shirts”, an elite guard
unit formed out of the SA
• SA (Sturmabteilung): Stormtroopers "brown-shirts" early
private Nazi army that protected leaders and opposed rival
political parties
• Lebensraum (living space): concept that emphasized need for
territorial expansion of Germany into east
• Wehrmacht:
German army
• HJ (Hitler Jugend): Hitler Youth
• Einstazgruppen: Nazi Death Squad; mobile killing units
• Volk: all inclusive concept of nation, people and race, implying
the superiority of German culture and race; led to policy of
Volksgemeinschaft (idea of a harmonized racial Nazi community
in government policies and programs)
This Nazi propaganda poster reads,
‘Behind the enemy powers: the Jew.
“The Eternal Jew”
Depiction of a Jew holding gold coins in one hand
and a whip in the other. Under his arm is a map of
the world, with the imprint of the hammer and
sickle. Posters like this promoted a sharp rise in
anti-Semitic feelings, and in some cases violence
against the Jewish community.
Policy of Appeasement
Appeasement
 willingness to surrender to a bully’s
demands
 Acceptance that Hitler could not be stopped
and needed to be negotiated with (even at
the expense of the smaller independent
countries)
 Appeasement – reduction of international
tensions through removal of causes of
friction; concessions to disgruntled nations
to lessen their tendency to take aggressive
actions
 Accepted because of sympathy and guilt felt
by Britain and USA of unjust Treaty of
Versailles
Realities
 Blindness to true nature of Hitler’s agenda
program for Eastern Europe
 Positive and Negatives Reasons for
appeasement?