Transcript WHAP 1914-present review

1914 -Present
Review 5
W.W.I
“Total War”
WWI Facts

World War I (19141918)



Killed an estimated 13
million soldiers
The war involved 28
countries
The War was fought
in Europe, Africa, and
Middle East
Section 1-The Road to War

assassination of Archduke Francis
Ferdinand (Austria Hungary)
sparked the war

Killed by Serbian (Black Hand) group
The Forces at Work:




Militarism In this system, a
large army has top
priority
Alliances is the “I got your
back” school of thought
Imperialism – conquest of
other lands
Nationalism- superiority
complex / smaller countries
want independence
At the heart of it all…Bosnia

When AustriaHungary declares
war on Serbia, the
alliances spring into
action.


Creates a chain
reaction
So, in one week, all
of Europe was at war.
The Powers at Work
Strategic Issues

Each side (Allies and Central Powers)
felt victory would be quick.


machine guns and artillery gave
advantages to the defenders.
So when the Germans were stopped by
the French and British near Paris, both
sides dug in.

trench warfare
Trench Warfare
More on Trench Warfare
The American Response

President Wilson declared
America neutral in August 1914.

but still wanted America to be
ready for combat
Hostility increases to
Germany
The Germans used unrestricted
submarine warfare (U-Boat)
 On May 7, 1915, the German UBoats sank the Lusitania



128 Americans dies
President Wilson responded with
diplomacy
Germany’s warnings
Wilson finally gets involved
Wilson reelected in 1916
 British intercepted a telegram
from Zimmermann that was
being sent to Mexico.


Zimmermann was Germany’s
foreign minister
 if
Mexico ally with Germany, they
could regain lands lost during the
Mexican War.
369th Infantry

known as the Harlem Hell Fighters,
were loaned out to France

They earned the French Croix de Guerre,
the French equivalent to the Medal of
Honor.
Russia Drops Out!
In November 1917, Lenin’s Bolshevik
Revolution took over Russia, and they
declared peace with Germany.
 This meant Germany had only a single
front: the French.


They broke through the trenches, and were
50 miles from Paris.
Ending the War




Armistice was signed on the 11th hour
of the 11th day on the the 11th month
(1918)
Over 50,000 U.S. soldiers died in
battle
Over 8 million soldiers worldwide
equates to over 5,000 deaths per day
of the war.
Over 2 million civilians died as a
result of the war, some from
starvation, others from mass
destruction.
The Great Depression in the 1930s

Stock market crash of 1929




Smoot-Hawley tariff




Highest import duty in American history
In retaliation, other countries raised their tariffs
resulting in decreased export industries and additional reductions in
world trade.
Effects of the depression on nations




Consumption and production around the world declined.
Unemployment rose drastically.
American banks called in overseas loans to offset their losses.
France and Britain were to some extent insulated from the world
economy by their overseas colonies.
Japan and Germany suffered much more because they relied on exports
to pay for imports of food and fuel
South Africa’s economy boomed because Depression made gold more
valuable
Radical reforms and leaders

United States enacted sweeping New Deal legislation, and radical
politicians came to power in Germany, Italy, and Japan.
Explain the reasons for the Soviet Union’s economic success
during the 1930s

Stalin’s goal


First Five-Year Plan




Turned small private farms into collective farms
Collectivization transformed Soviet rural society, imposing an urbanindustrial way of life on the peasantry.
Rebellion among the kulaks resulted in widespread starvation and
hardship because they burned their crops and killed their livestock
Second Five Year Plan (1933-1937)


increased Soviet military and industrial might by developing electric
power and heavy industry (iron, coal, steel, and machinery)
Collective agriculture


Transform the USSR into an industrial nation and increase the power of
the communist party
After Nazi Germany’s rise to power, the Second Five-Year Plan
abandoned its goal of producing consumer goods and focused instead
on military expansion.
Women in particular entered employment and careers formerly
denied them.
What Caused WWII?
Great Depression
 Failure of the League of Nation to police
the world
 3 dictators came to power at about the
same time
 1923- Benito Mussolini - Italy
 1930’s – Hideki Tojo - Japan
 1933 – Adolf Hitler (Nazi party) - Germany

Leaders of the Axis Power
Similarities of the Axis Powers

State is “all powerful”
Individuals give up their freedoms
 Believed in using force to expand the
boundaries of their countries

Explain the rise of fascism in Europe and the events
leading up to the Second World War.

Fascism



Extreme nationalism
result of social and economic instability caused by World
War I and the Depression.
Mussolini and Hitler





appealed to unemployed veterans and violent youths.
Economic well-being outweighed a loss of liberty
Il Duce (the leader) became prime minister and Installed
Fascist party members in all government jobs and crushed
all opposition
Hitler became chancellor in 1933; Fuhrer (leader) 1934
Hitler also emphasized Aryan racial superiority (Germans,
Britons, Scandinavian) and blamed Jews for Germany’s
postwar troubles.
Warning signs
In 1931, Japan attacked Manchuria
 In 1935, Italy attacked Ethiopia
 Hitler tested French and British resolve by
repeatedly violating the Treaty of Versailles.

In 1933 Hitler withdrew from the League of Nations
 In 1935 Hitler built and army and created an air
force


Britain and France responded with

The “appeasement” of the Munich Conference in
1938 revealed a lack of British and French resolve.
Gearing up for the War
1936, Germany and Italy formed an
alliance called the Rome – Berlin Axis
 1938, Germany invaded Austria and
Czechoslovakia and took over without
firing a shot
 1938, Germany signed a non-aggression
pact with Russia. Why?
 To avoid a two front war

What was the source of conflict between Japan and China
from 1931 to 1945?

nationalists




Japan lacks many natural resources
viewed a colonial empire as a solution to Japan’s
dependence on foreign trade.
most of Asia’s potential colonies had been claimed, China
with its vast population and resources was not colonized.
Japanese conquest


The confrontation of the Second World War began with the
Japanese seizure of Manchuria by junior officers in the
military.
During the next few years the Japanese sped up their
rearmament, especially the building of warships.
China fights back

Warfare between China and Japan was
incredibly violent.


Chinese continued to fight back
In the winter of 1937-1938, Japanese troops
took Nanjing, raped 20,000 women, killed
200,000 prisoners and civilians, and looted and
burned the city.
WWII Begins


1939, Germany
invades Poland and
this starts the war
Blitzkrieg – lightning
warfare used by the
Germans
USA Remains Neutral!

1940, even though the USA remains
neutral, they are gearing up for the war by:
Begin the draft
 Turn to a “war” economy

First Two Years
The axis power (bad guys) were winning
the war
 They have control of the following areas:

“most of Europe”
 North Africa
 Pacific


Great Britain now stood “alone” against
the Axis Powers
America Response
Lend Lease programs by Roosevelt sent
50 ships to Britain in exchange for future
military bases
 Dec. 7, 1941, Japan bombs Pearl Harbor
in Hawaii killing 2500 Americans
 Next day, Roosevelt asks congress for a
declaration of war (hours later its granted)

U.S.
Japanese Internment camps; result of the
bombing of Pearl Harbor
 The war pulled the United States out of the last
stages of the Depression
 Women in the United States entered industry in
large numbers, and the booming economy had
long-lasting positive consequences for
American society.

U.S.A Enters War
Allies on the offensive!
United Nations
Jan 1, 1942 – 26 nations for the United
Nations for peace-keeping reasons
 By 1945, its membership totaled 50
nations

Big 3 Leaders of the Allied Forces
FDR (USA), Churchill (GB), Stalin (USSR)
“Europe First”

The allied strategy was called “Europe
First”

Take care of Hitler First, then Japan
2 Turning Point Battles in
Europe

Fall 1942, both allied
victories


Stalingrad in Europe
El Alamein in North
Africa
Italy surrenders!

In 1943, Allies invade
Italy via Sicily and this
leads to Italy’s
eventual surrender
D- Day

June 6, 1944- D-Day
invasion of Europe

200,000 soldiers
landed on the beaches
of Normandy France,
Germany’s Final defeat


Last German
offensive was the
battle of the Bulge
where they suffered a
final defeat
May 8, 1945 – V.E.
Day (victory in
Europe)
War in the Pacific

“Leapfrog Strategy” –
used in the Pacific to
recapture “major”
islands like Okinawa,
Iwo Jima, etc.
2 Turning Point battles in the
Pacific


Coral Sea
Midway ( destroyed
Japanese Navy)
Atomic Bombs!

Aug. 1945 – atomic
bombs dropped on
Hiroshima and
Nagasaki

Killed 200,000 people
Japanese Surrenders!

Sept. 2, 1945 –
Japanese surrender
aboard USS Missouri
to General Mac Arthur
Mein Kampf


Written by Hitler in 1930
Outlined the Nazi
philosophy


Chief among these was
removal of “non-Aryans”
Particularly the Jews
Anti-Semitism in Europe
• Hostility
towards
Jews
Not only in Germany but
throughout Europe by 1930’s
The Beginnings
• Nazi party
encouraged
German citizens
to stop
patronizing
Jewish business
Nuremberg Laws 1935


Stripped Jews of their
German citizenship
Forbid marriage between
Jews and non-Jews
1- Required Jews to register property
2- Dismissed Jewish Civil
Employees and Managers
3- Banned Jewish Doctors from
treating non-Jews
4- All Germans given identity
cards

Jewish cards marked
with red letter “J”


Gave all Jews middle
name of “Sarah” or Israel
Easier for police to ID
Jews
The “SS”


Elite guard that became
the private army of the
Nazi party
Charged with silencing
opposition
Kristallnacht


Night of Nov. 9th 1938
Nazi thugs in Germany
and Austria destroyed
Jewish stores, houses &
Synagogues
Results



100’s killed
Thousands arrested
Government openly &
freely killing Jews
Refugees Seek an Escape

From 1933-37 130,000
Jews fled Germany
Moving to the Ghetto

Jews were forced into
small areas in the
outskirts of cities
Held as prisoners
Poor living conditions
Many died of malnutrition or disease
•
•
Final Solution
Nazis attempted to achieve their policy of
eliminating entire races of people.
 Jews were deprived of citizenship and legal
rights and forced into ghettoes.
 In 1942 the “final solution” started the
systematic extermination of human beings.
 Concentration camps such as Auschwitz were
created for the sole purpose of extracting work
and killing prisoners.

Fighting Back


April 1943 Warsaw
ghetto revolted
against deportation to
Treblinka
Revolts and riots
occurred in many
concentration camps
as well
Few Offered Help
• US media
showed little
interest in the
Holocaust
during war
Horrors of the Holocaust
• May 1945
US troops
say the
horrors of
the Nazis
first hand
Victims!

Estimated 11 millions
killed


Jews – 6 million
Political enemies
(communists),
Gypsies,
homosexuals,
disabled, etc.
Effects on the civilian population
The civilian populations of Europe and Asia
suffered the depredations of invading armies,
disease, starvation, and exposure to the
elements.
 Millions abandoned their homes or watched
them being destroyed.
 In World War II more civilians were killed than
soldiers. Many of these deaths were deliberate
murder.

Nuremberg Trials
• November
1945 Allies
tried 24
leading Nazis
for crimes
against
humanity
Results
•12 received death sentences
Results
•Established important principle:
–1- Individuals were responsible for
own actions
–2- No longer escape punishment by
just “following orders”
Communism in China

Mao Zedong (1893-1976)




communism founded in 1921 was a radical departure from
the traditional ideology
Goal was to use the peasantry, not industrial workers to
redistribute land from the wealthy to the poor people
Advocated women’s equality; but leadership position belong
to men
Civil war in China and communist victory

Long March (1934-1935) 6,000 mile flight of the Chinese
Communists fro the Southeast to the Northwest China



100,000 fled only 4,000 survived
After Japanese surrender in 1945 the Guomindang and
communist forces began a civil war that lasted until 1949
On October 1, 1949, Mao Zedong announced the founding
of the People’s republic of China and Chiang Kai-shek’s
Guomindang forces were driven off the mainland to Taiwan
Briefly compare and contrast the military aspects of the
First and Second World Wars.

Similarities



They were both fought around the globe and resulted in
tremendous numbers of casualties as well as physical and
environmental damage.
Both wars took advantage of technological innovations that
altered the face of warfare.
Differences



World War II was larger in both geographic and human
scope, taking place in practically every corner of the world; it
also resulted in far more casualties.
Whereas deaths from World War I were primarily confined to
the military, there were far fewer military than civilian deaths
in World War II.
Huge bombing raids on cities and intentional assaults on
civilians,
What were some of the technological advances during
World War II that made it a “war of science”?









Airplanes were larger and faster, flew farther, and dropped
many tons of bombs each.
Jet planes appeared for the first time.
Heavily armored tanks ruled the battlefields.
Synthetic rubber and oil reduced the dependence on foreign
imports and the control of the seas.
Aircraft carriers and submarines made battleships obsolete.
Radar warned of aircraft attacks.
Code breakers and intelligence specialists predicted enemy
attacks.
The antibiotics used in World War II resulted in a significant
drop in mortality among wounded soldiers.
In the war’s ultimate technological achievement, the United
States committed enormous resources to develop the atomic
bomb in a race against Germany.
Chapter 32
Discussion and Notes






Colonialism in Africa 1900-1945
 Who benefited economically and socially?
Europeans invested heavily in colonial railroads, harbors, and
mines, which enormously increased the output and value of
agricultural and mining commodities.
Economic development primarily benefited Europeans and
often had a negative effect on African people.
 What was life like for African under colonial rule?
Worked in harsh conditions for little or no pay
Racial segregation in housing, health care, and public
accommodations became more pronounced.
 Rise of Liberal ideas and nationalism
Labor demands and the widening disparity between the wealthy
and the poor embittered many Africans, causing a growth in
nationalist movements.
World War II demands for labor and food exports, together with
Allied ideals of liberation and freedom, convinced many
Africans of the need for radical change.
Indian Nationalism









Independence movement in India
By the late 1800s, western-educated
Indians were spearheading a
nationalist movement.
In 1885, nationalist leaders
organized the Indian National
Congress.
What was the goal?
eventual self-rule, but supported
western-style modernization.
Hindu or Muslim movement?
seen as primarily for the Hindu of
the noble and middle classes.
In 1906, Muslims formed the Muslim
League to pursue their own goals,
including a separate Muslim state.
By 1912 the Muslims were calling
for their own country!
Mohandas Gandhi: Father of
Resistance to British Rule







Mahatma Gandhi (Mahatma
“great soul”) becomes the leader
in 1921.
Why is he so important?
Transformed the cause of the
Indian independence from an elite
movement to mass movement that
appealed to majority of the Indian
population
United Hindu population for
Indian independence
Inspired the Civil Rights
Movement in the United states
What was his plan?
force change and an end to
British imperialism through a
strict policy of non-violence, or
passive resistance.
Gandhi Leads The Way







Examples of his civil
disobedience
included boycotts such as the
Salt March (1930) and hunger
strikes. Why? What happened?
His famous “Walk to the Sea” to
protest British salt monopoly
Why did he fast?
represented both his ideology and
his manipulation of public relations
and political tactics.
How did he feel about the Hindu
caste system?
The rigid caste system
separated religious and political
classes from lower classes of
laborers and outcasts with no
hope at social mobility.
Why Was India Partitioned?








Britain was weakened after World War II.
It will finally agree to Indian demand for independence.
Muslims insisted on their own state, Pakistan.
Riots between Hindus and Muslims persuaded Britain to
partition, or divide, the subcontinent.
In August 1947, British officials created Hindu India and
Muslim Pakistan.
As Hindus and Muslims crossed the borders, violence
erupted in Northern India.
Ten million refugees fled their homes. At least a million
people were killed before independence was achieved.
Even after the worst violence ended, Hindu-Muslim
tensions persisted, as it does today!
Partition of India, 1947
Gandhi Assassinated!!!

Therefore, the strength and
will of the common people
both achieved Indian
independence and tore
India apart.
Gandhi Assassinated
In 1948
Cause of the Mexican
Revolution of 1910?
Mexican Revolutionaries
Emiliano
Zapata
Pancho Villa
Porfirio Diaz
Mexican Revolution and Civil War 1911-1920






Led by a series of ambitious but limited men, each representing
a different segment of Mexican society
Emiliano Zapata (1879-1919) led a peasant revolt South of
Mexico city while Francisco (Pancho) Villa organized an army in
Northern Mexico. Were they successful?
Neither man was able to lead a national revolution. Zapata was
defeated and killed by Constitutionalists in 1919, Villa
assassinated in 1923. Both are honored and praised in Mexico
today.
Constitutionalists took over Mexico after years of fighting
By 1934 under President Lazaro Cardenas the Mexican
Revolutionary Party removed generals from government,
redistributed land, replaced church run schools with
government schools, and expropriated the foreign-owned oil
companies that had dominated Mexico’s petroleum industry.
It laid the foundations for the later industrialization of Mexico








Describe and discuss the world economy (and the World
Wars) as it affected the internal political situation in Brazil
and Argentina.
Before the First World War
Brazil produced most of the world’s coffee, cacao, and rubber
Likewise, Argentina had wealth in the hands of large landowning farmers who
raised cattle, sheep, and wheat.
Both of these country’s elites had little interest in industrialization and allowed
outside interests (Great Britain, for example) to build and control infrastructure.
The power elites were content to export agriculture and import manufactured
goods.
 Effects of WWI
However, competition from Asia crashed the rubber export business in 1912
and World War I stopped the flow of imports and lessened the flow of exports.
 The Depression and the rise of military dictators
Agricultural exports fell by two thirds and authoritarian governments took power
at this time.
Argentina had a coup in 1930 by the military. In 1943, another military coup
was staged by Juan Perón 1946.
Perón became a champion of the downtrodden urban workers and his wife,
Eva (Evita) Perón, became the champion of women, children, and the poor.
Evita, until her death in 1952, was among the most powerful women in the
world

The Cold War
1945 - 1991
Hot – Warm - Cold
Hot War : this is actual warfare
 Warm War : talks are still going on but
war plans are being put into operation

Origins of the Cold War




Cold War
the state of hostility,
without actual warfare
Stimulated development
of emerging nations
Stimulated extraordinary
advance in weapons


US VS Soviet Union
Lasted until the Soviet
Union collapsed in 1991
Conflicting Postwar Goals!


US wanted to spread
democracy and
capitalism
Soviet Union wanted
security and to spread
communism
US Develops Major Cold War Policies

Containment


US must resist Soviet attempts to
spread communist throughout
world
The Truman Doctrine (1947)



take leadership role in the world
help countries resist communism
Offered military aid to Greece and
Turkey to resist soviet military
pressure
Marshall Plan [1948]
1. “European Recovery
Program.”
2. Secretary of State,
George Marshall
3. The U. S. should provide
aid to all European nations
that need it. This move
is not against any country or doctrine, but
against hunger, poverty, desperation, and
chaos.
4. More than 20 billion of US aid to friendly
Western European nations
Post-War Germany
Berlin Blockade & Airlift (1948-49)
Ich bin ein Berliner!
(1963)
President Kennedy
tells Berliners
that the West is
with them!
The Berlin Wall Goes Up (1961)
Checkpoint
Charlie
The Arms Race:
A “Missile Gap?”
}
The Soviet Union exploded
its first A-bomb in 1949.
}
Now there were two nuclear
superpowers!
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
(NATO) 1949


Member nations
pledged assistance to
each other
Military assistance
consisting of U.S. and
Western European
countries
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949)
 United States
 Belgium
 Britain
 Luxemburg, Netherlands, Norway
 Canada
 Portugal
 Denmark
 1952: Greece &
Turkey
 France
 Iceland
 1955: West Germany
 1983: Spain
The Warsaw Pact

1955 – Soviet
Response to NATO
1. Military alliance
between the
Soviet Union and
its satellite
nations in E.
Europe
Warsaw Pact (1955)
}
U. S. S. R.
} East Germany
}
Albania
} Hungary
}
Bulgaria
}
Czechoslovakia
} Poland
} Rumania
Sputnik I (1957)
The Russians have beaten America in space—they
have the technological edge!
The Nuclear Threat Grows / Arms Race/
Space Race



1952 – US tested hydrogen
bomb
1953 – Soviets tested a
hydrogen bomb
1957 – Soviet launches the
first satellite into space
(Sputnik)


Catalysts for the space race
1969- Two Americans Neil
Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin
walk on the moon
The Korean War: A “Police Action” (19501953)
Kim Il-Sung
Syngman Rhee
“Domino Theory”
Korean War “Forgotten War”


1950-1953
Communist supported North Korea




U.S. supported South Korea
By the end of May 1951, communist
forces had been driven out of South
Korea.
The war had developed into a
stalemate
1.
2.


China
Peace talks will continue on and off for
~2 years
July 1951-July 1953
July 27, 1953 – Armistice Signed
Fearing WWIII, the Korean war was
limited to the Korean peninsula
Mao’s Revolution: 1949
Who lost China? – A 2nd } Power!
China Falls to the Communists



Communists (Mao Zedong) gained control
Creates the People’s Republic of China
1958 Great Leap Forward Plan was to launch
China into world industrial power by
maximizing labor in village level industries


Economic disaster
1966 Cultural Revolution – mass mobilization
of youth’s into the Red Guard Units and
instilled revolutionary fervor in a new
generation

Campaign to rid China of its liberal bourgeoisie
(revolutionary elders, authors, artists and religious
figures)
New nations in South/SE Asia
India (secular) republic and Pakistan were
incredibly dissimilar.
 Pakistan became a military government, and
sees Bangladesh break away in 1971.
 India was able to maintain its unity since she
retained larger portions of education and industry.

African Independence
French were determined to hold Algeria, since
many French lived there. Fought from 19541962, but Algeria won independence.
 Some politicians led nationalist movements to
rid foreigners:

Ghana was the first colony in Africa to gain
independence
 Nelson Mandela as the leader of the African
National Congress organized guerrilla resistance in
1960; sent to jail for life in 1964; becomes the first
Black president in South Africa in 1994

Latin American Freedom
Europe was mostly out of the picture, but
US and European economic domination
increased.
 Mexico still had rich v. poor, Guatemala
tried to remove the United Fruit Company
(1954), but the CIA helped remove the
president from power, making Guatemala
unstable for decades.
 In Cuba, Batista ruled a repressive regime,
while US business dominated. This
resulted in a popular revolt, led by Fidel
Castro, which overthrew Batista.

Fear of Communists at Home


The Loyalty Program 1947
1. designed to review the
loyalty of federal
employees
House Un-American
Activities Committee
(HUAC)
1. investigated
government agencies,
Hollywood etc.
Are you now or have you ever been
a member of the Communist party?

The Hollywood Ten
1.

served jail terms of 6
months – 1 year
Hollywood plays the
“game”
1.
2.
created a blacklist
steered clear of
controversial topics
The McCarthy Witch Hunts



Senator Joseph McCarthy played
on people’s fear of communism
Targets
1. Govt. personnel
2. former Sec. of State George
Marshall
3. US Army
hearings began in late April 1954
1. Televised
2. Democrats wanted public to
“see” McCarthy
3. most Americans were horrified
Khruschev Embraces Castro,
1961
Cuba





There is little evidence to suggest that Castro’s intent was to
create a Communist government.
However, the U.S. invoked a blockade (Castro’s seizure of U.S.
citizens property), and Cuba then looked to the USSR for
economic aid.
This, in essence, made Cuba an USSR dependent, also
making Cuba communist.
April 1961: 1,500 Cuban exiles trained by the CIA work to
overthrow Castro at the Bay of Pigs. Coup failed, since US air
support didn’t happen.
Cuban Missile Crises (1962)
 Soviet Union deployed Nuclear – tipped missiles to Cuba in
response to U.S. deployment of nuclear missiles in Turkey
Bay of Pigs Debacle (1961)
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
We went eyeball-to-eyeball with the
Russians, and the other man blinked!
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
Vietnam War: 1965-1973
Vietnam War


Communist North Vietnam led by Ho Chi Minh
supported a guerilla movement against noncommunist South Vietnam.
JFK sent American military advisors to South
Vietnam, and Lyndon Johnson sent full military
deployment.




After an apparent North Vietnamese attack in Gulf of
Tonkin
By the end of 1966, (365,000) troops were engaged in the
war
US ended involvement there in 1973, and South
Vietnam fell in 1975.
Anti-war sentiment rose in US, and military felt
restrictions limited US success; restrictions designed
to keep China out of war.
Israel


1947 UN voted in favor of partitioning Palestine into
two states
Was declared an independent Jewish State in 1948


Six Day War of 1967


Defeated armies sent by Arab states in 1948
Resulted in Israel’s acquisition of all of Jerusalem and the
West Bank, Gaza Strip, Golan Heights, and Sinai peninsula
Egyptian-Israeli war in 1973 led directly to an Arab oil
embargo

It was used as a punishment to the U.S. and Netherlands for
their support of Israel
Challenges of Decolonization
Dozens of new nations were created
between 1945-1965.
 Most were created with little or no money,
so economic concerns took center stage.
 There were also educational concerns:

What language to teach…
 How to instill a sense of national unity to what
was a colony…
 How to provide satisfying jobs for graduates…
 …which when faced with these issues, most
opted for authoritarian rule.
