Transcript Ch 24 ppt
24 The Crisis Deepens: World War II ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license. Europe in 1939, Eve of World War II Retreat from Democracy: Dictatorial Regimes Totalitarianism The Birth of Fascism Benito Mussolini (1883-1945) • Fascio di Combattimento (League of Combat), 1919 Support from middle class industrialists and large landowners • Mussolini appointed prime minister, October 29, 1922 • Mussolini’s powers • Fascist government • Fascist organizations • Importance of the family • Role of women in the Fascist society • Adolph Hitler and Benito Mussolini in Munich Germany ca June 1940 Hitler and Nazi Germany Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) Hitler’s Rise Power, 1919-1933 Munich • German Workers’ Party • National Socialist German Workers’ Party, 1921 • Sturmabteilung (SA), Storm Troops • Munich Beer Hall Putsch, November 1923 • Mein Kampf (My Struggle) • Lebensraum and authoritarian leadership By 1932, Nazi party had 800,000 members Great Depression and unemployment Becomes chancellor, January 30, 1933 Enabling Act, March 23, 1933 President Paul von Hindenburg dies, August 2, 1934 The Nazi State, 1933-1939 Hitler’s goal Mass demonstrations and spectacles to create collective fellowship Internal problems: personal and institutional conflict Economics Heinrich Himmler and the SS (Schutzstaffel) Impact on women Aryan racial state Nuremberg racial laws, September 1935 Kristallnacht, November 9-10, 1938 Restrictions on Jews Stalinist Era in the Soviet Union First Five Year Plan, 1928 To create an industrial country Emphasized production of capital goods and armaments Rapid collectivization of agriculture Famine of 1932-1933; 10 million peasants died Political control Stalin dictatorship established, 1929 Political purge, 1936-1938; 8 million arrested Women and the family Rise of Militarism in Japan Militant elements brought about Japanese militarism Disastrous effect of the Depression Government could not cope Growth of national extremists Assassinations “Asia is for Asians” Failed coup in 1936 by junior officers The Path to War The Path to War in Europe Occupation of the demilitarized Rhineland, March 7, 1936 Rome-Berlin Axis, October 1936 Annexation of Austria, March 13, 1938 Demand the cession of the Sudetenland, September 15, 1938 Hitler’s view for civilization Creation of a new air force and expansion of the army by conscription to 550,000, 1935 Repudiated of the Versailles Treaty Munich Conference, September 29, 1938 German dismemberment of Czechoslovakia Britain and France react to demands for Danzig Nonaggression pact with the Soviet Union Invasion of Poland began September 1, 1939 The Path to War in Asia Seizure of Manchuria, September 1931 Chiang Kai-shek granted Japan authority in North China League of Nations condemns the move Japan withdraws from the League of Nations Protests against the Japanese Chiang turns his attention to the Japanese Clash at Marco Polo Bridge, July, 1937 A Monroe Doctrine for Asia Japan had not planned war against China Chiang Kai-shek refused to give in to the Japanese Japan’s real target was Soviet Siberia Japan begins to cooperate with Nazi Germany Warnings from the United States Japanese concerns over threat to their long-term goals ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license. World War II in Europe World War II: Europe at War Germany invades Poland, September 1, 1939 September 28, 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union divide Poland Blitzkrieg against Denmark and Norway, April 9, 1940 Attack on Netherlands, Belgium, and France, May 10, 1940 Evacuation of Dunkirk Surrender of France, June 22, 1940 Battle Britain, Fall, 1940 Retaliation for bombing Berlin Germany invaded the Soviet Union, June 22, 1941 Problems in the Balkans German experience in the Soviet Union • Ukraine, Leningrad, Moscow ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license. World War II in Asia and the Pacific Japan at War Attack on Pearl Harbor and the Philippines, December 7, 1941 Germany declared war in the U.S., December 11, 1941 Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere Japanese hoped the United States would accept Japanese domination in the Pacific Turning Point of the War, 19421943 Agreement to fight until unconditional surrender of the Axis German success in early 1942 in Africa and Soviet Union Allies invade French North Africa, victory in May 1943 Battle of Stalingrad, November 1942-February 1943 Battle of the Coral Sea, May 7-8, 1942 Battle of Midway, June 4, 1942 “Island hopping” Solomon Islands, November 1942 Explosion of the U.S.S. Shaw during attack on Pearl Harbor December 7, 1941 Last Years of the War Invasion of Italy, September 1943 D-Day invasion of France, June 6, 1944 Soviet March westward Hitler’s suicide, April 30, 1945 Surrender of Germany, May 7, 1945 War in the Pacific Battle of Kursk, July 5 – 12, 1943 Reoccupied Soviet Territory Russians enter Berlin, April 1945 Advance was slow Difficulty of invading the Japanese homeland • Hiroshima, August 6, 1945 • Nagasaki, August 14, 1945 Human losses in the war: 17 million military dead, 18 million civilians dead The mushroom cloud from the Nagasaki atomic bombing, August 9, 1945 The New Order in Europe and Asia German racial considerations Resettlement plans of the East Slave labor “Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere” Japanese promised independent governments Some were, but under Japanese control Resources exploited by the Japanese Power of military authorities in occupied territories Use of subject peoples and prisoners of war The Holocaust The word Holocaust came from the Greek word Holos which means “wholly” and kaustos which means “burned.” Another translation of the word Holocaust is “sacrifice by fire”. The Holocaust was a mass killing of Jews, Gypsies, Communists, Homosexuals, Mentally and physically disabled people, and Poles. This also included everyone that did not fit into Hitler’s the vision of the “Aryan Race”. Millions In the beginning the Jews were placed in the Nazi ghettos. The Nazi Ghettos were never intended to be more than temporary; an interim concentration of Jews pending a decision concerning what the “Final Solution of the Jewish Question” was going to be. After living in the ghettos, the Jews and other persecuted people were transferred to concentration camps. Here, immediately upon arrival, it was decided whether any given person should live or die. The fear grew tremendously during the Holocaust. The price of hiding a Jew was horrible terrible things would be done to both the Jew and the “protector”. These concentration camps were the sites of some of the most horrible events the world has ever seen. These are only a few of the many children that were forced into concentrati ons camps by the Red Army during the Holocaust. Country Initial Jewish Population Estimated % Killed POLAND 3,300,000 USSR Estimated Killed Number of Survivors 91% 3,000,000 300,000 3,020,000 36% 1,100,000 1,920,000 HUNGARY 800,000 74% 596,000 204,000 GERMANY 566,000 36% 200,000 366,000 FRANCE 350,000 22% 77,320 272,680 ROMANIA 342,000 84% 287,000 55,000 AUSTRIA 185,000 35% 65,000 120,000 LITHUANIA 168,000 85% 143,000 25,000 NETHERLANDS 140,000 71% 100,000 40,000 BOHEMIA/ MORAVIA 118,310 60% 71,150 47,160 LATVIA 95,000 84% 80,000 15,000 Country Initial Jewish Population Estimated % Killed SLOVAKIA 88,950 YUGOSLAVIA Estimated Killed Number of Survivors 80% 71,000 17,950 78,000 81% 63,300 14,700 GREECE 77,380 87% 67,000 10,380 BELGIUM 65,700 45% 28,900 36,800 ITALY 44,500 17% 7,680 36,820 BULGARIA 50,000 0% DENMARK 7,800 0.80% 60 7,740 ESTONIA 4,500 44% 2,000 2,500 LUXEMBOURG 3,500 55% 1,950 1,550 FINLAND 2,000 0.03% 7 1,993 NORWAY 1,700 45% 762 938 TOTAL 9,508,340 63% 5,962,129 3,546,211 50,000 Gates to Auschwit z this gate is On written the words Arbeit Macht Frei which in German means Work is Liberty. Many of the workers at this concentration camp had to look at those words every day. Thinking to themselves that maybe they can be free if they just work. Holocaust Myth Web sites and publications forget to tell their readers some inescapable facts about the "Holocaust Myth" - Before World War II there were about 17 million Jews in the world. - In 1945 there were about 11 million Jews. Where did all the Jews go? -The number of dead can be easily verified in numerous ways and it has been. - It is really not material if seven million Jews were murdered or "only" five million. The fact is that most of Europe's Jewish population disappeared. The disseminators of the lie are antiSemites and anti-Zionists, including Jewish anti-Zionists. (from “Holocaust Myth Web Sites) Gas Van Before the gas chambers were used, gas vans were used to exterminate prisoners of the Nazis. They were first used at Chelmno (Kulmhof) because prisoners could be killed while they were transported. The Star Of David All Jews in Germany were forced to wear arm bands or other badges marked with the Star of David, this was so that Jews could be picked out from everyone else easily. Other persecuted groups also had to wear badges of different colors to represent their group. “I don’t believe that the big men, the politicians and the capitalists alone are guilty of the war. Oh, no, the little man is just as keen, otherwise the people of the world would have risen in revolt long ago! There is an urge and rage in people to destroy, to kill, to murder, and until all mankind, without exception, undergoes a great change, wars will be waged, everything that has been built up, cultivated and grown, will be destroyed and disfigured, after which mankind will have to begin all over again.” Torture As a form of torture Jews and other prisoners were forced to dig large holes which would become their own mass grave. After they were finished digging the Nazis would shoot them A Mass Grave This is a picture of a mass grave. The bodies in the hole are those of Jewish people as well as other prisoners of the Nazis. “I swore never to be silent whenever and wherever human beings endure suffering and humiliation. We must always take sides. Neutrality helps the oppressor, never the victim. Silence encourages the tormentor, never the tormented.” -Elie Wiesel Children of the Holocaust Children were not ignored by the Holocaust. By the Star of David these two boys are Jewish, but a month after this picture was taken these two brothers were deported to Majdanek camp in "The Angel of Death" Dr. Mengele who was known as “The Angel of Death” was a doctor at Auschwitz. He was known for preformming unethical experiments on prisoners, especially children and twins. Dr. Mengele's Experiments These were only some of the children Dr. Mengele experimented on while he was a doctor at Auschwitz. “The more we do to you, the less you seem to believe we are doing it” -Dr. Mengele More of Dr. Mengele's Experiments These are some more children that were victims of Dr. Mengele’s experiments. He also did awful experiments on twins. The Home Front Mobilization of the People Soviet Union: • Soviets dismantled factories and shipped them to the interior • Soviet women in the factories and as combatants The United States • Mobilization of the U.S. economy • Internment of Japanese-Americans Germany: • German failure to cut production of consumer goods until 1944 • German reluctance to use women as laborers until later in war Japan: • Japan fully mobilized society for war • Wage and price controls • Did not use women for labor The Bombing of Cities Bombing of civilians as means to coerce governments Lufwaffe raids on Britain Raids on German cities • Failed to break civilian morale • Failed to destroy Germany’s industrial capacity Japanese cities bombed Japan’s industries destroyed by the summer of 1945 People’s Volunteer Corps Hiroshima and Nagasaki, August, 1945 Territorial Changes in Europe After World War II Aftermath: The Cold War Conferences at Tehran, Yalta, and Potsdam Declaration on Liberated Europe Conference at Yalta, February, 1945 Future course of the war, invasion of the continent for 1944 Agreement for the partition of postwar Germany Soviet military assistance for the war against Japan Creation of a United Nations German unconditional surrender Free elections in Eastern Europe Conference at Potsdam, July, 1945 Truman replaces Roosevelt Stalin refuses to allow free elections in Eastern Europe The “Iron Curtain”