Transcript Good Neighbor Policy - Jenks Public Schools

The Versailles Treaty
The Ineffectiveness of the
League of Nations
y No control of major conflicts.
y No progress in disarmament.
y No effective military force.
International Agreements
5 Power Treaty
Essentially divided the world
Open Door Policy
Compete for trade and investment in
China
“Good Neighbor Policy”
No state has the right to intervene in
the affairs of another.
Kellogg-Briand Pact
Makes war illegal as a tool of
diplomacy
 No enforcement provisions
The Great Depression
War Debt Issues
• Most Americans expected the war
debts to be paid back.
– PROBLEM
• The money didn’t flow to Europe as most
Americans thought.
• The French and British said we still owed
them money from the American Revolution.
• To pay war debts, Europe would need to sell
products to the US. Tariffs were too high!
Dictators: Totalitarianism
Characteristics
• “Total State” Not passive obedience
• Expected active loyalty and
commitment
• control of political, economic, social
and cultural aspects of life
• led by a single leader and party
• not interested in individual freedom
(civil liberties)
• used modern technology and
Representative 20th Century
Dictators
• The Fascists
• Benito MussoliniItaly
• Adolph HitlerGermany
• Fransico FrancoSpain
• Juan PeronArgentina
• The Communists
• Joseph Stalin USSR
• Mao Zedong- China
• Ho Chi MinhVietnam
• Fidel Castro- Cuba
• Tito- Yugoslavia
Benito Mussolini 1883-1945
Il Duce
• First Fascist Dictator
• Italy- in political and economic crisis
• had support of middle class seeking
stability
• 1922- march on Rome- Victor
Emmanuel made him PM
• Could legislate by decree, police state
• Created Young Fascists- Never really in
control of all culture/society
Fascists in Italy
• Fascist dictator Benito
Mussolini seized power in
Italy in 1922.
Mussolini’s policies:
- He controlled the press and
banned criticism of the
government.
Benito Mussolini, 1936
Joseph Stalin and the USSR
Communist State
• Similar to Total state
• oppression of the masses
• ownership of production and land by
the state
• forced rapid industrialization cruel
• purges- wondered who was in power
• Elections: one party
Soviet Union
• Soviet leader Joseph Stalin
ordered his people to produce
more goods in order to
strengthen the country in
preparation for war.
• Farmers were forced to give
up their land and to join
collective farms.
• Millions of farmers that
resisted were either killed or
sent to labor camps.
Adolph Hitler 1889-1945
Der Fuhrer
•
•
•
•
•
born in Austria-early life in Vienna
core of beliefs- anti-Semitic
built Nazi party on dissatisfaction
won over elite and establishment
fear of communists- largest party
– became chancellor
The Nazi State 1933-1945
• Total State techniques
– propaganda masters
– mass demonstrations
– rearmament of the military
– SS control of police using terror based on
Nazi ideology (secret police,camps
execution and extermination)
– Churches and youth groups under control
Nazi Germany
· Adolf Hitler and his Nazi party
preached racial and religious
hatred.
· Hitler claimed that Germans
were a part of a superior
“Aryan” race, and that Jews
were to blame for Germany’s
troubles.
· In 1933, Hitler became
chancellor, or head of the
German government.
Hitler’s policies:
- He created a totalitarian state, in which the Nazi’s
controlled every aspect of German society.
- Citizens must always obey the government, and the
government could not be criticized.
- Jews had their German citizenship taken away, they
were forbidden from using public facilities, and they
were removed from most types of work.
- Hitler built up his armed forces, in violation of the
Versailles Treaty.
Fascism in Europe
Benito Mussolini
• Italian
• Invaded
Ethiopia in
1935.
Adolf Hitler
• German
• Anger over the
Versailles treaty
• Believed
Germans were
a superior
• Formed a totalitarian “Aryan” race.
government
• Blamed the Jews
for Germany’s
problems.
• Used economic unrest and fears
of communism to gain support.
• Used nationalism to
gain support.
The Manchurian Crisis, 1931
Japan
• Japan felt that they had the right to start an overseas
empire, just as European countries such as Britain and
France had.
• In 1931,
Japan seized
Manchuria,
China, for its
valuable
coal and
iron.
• The League of Nations failed to help China.
• In 1937, Japan began an all out attack on China,
eventually conquering Korea and French IndoChina as well.
Japan Invades Manchuria, 1931
* Promising Italians
greatness, Mussolini
invaded and conquered
Ethiopia in 1935.
* The League of Nations
failed to help Ethiopia.
Hailie Selassie,
Emperor of Ethiopia
U. S. Neutrality Acts:
1934, 1935, 1937, 1939
Neutrality Act of 1935 – making it illegal to
sell arms to any country at war.
Neutrality Act of 1937 – continued the ban
selling arms to countries at war and required
warring countries to buy nonmilitary supplies
on a cash and carry basis.
The Austrian Anschluss, 1938
In March 1938, Hitler announced the
Anschluss, or unification of Austria and
Germany.
The “Problem” of the Sudetenland
Czechs strongly resisted Germany’s demand for
the Sudetenland. France, the Soviet Union, and
Britain threatened to fight Germany if they
attacked Czechoslovakia.
Appeasement: The Munich
Agreement, 1938
British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain
Now we have “peace in our time!” Hitler
is a man we can do business with.
Czechoslovakia Becomes Part of
the Third Reich: 1939
The Nazi-Soviet
Non-Aggression Pact, 1939
*Hitler demanded the
return of Danzig –
Poland’s Baltic Sea
port. He also wanted
a highway and
railroad across the
Polish Corridor.
*In May 1939, Hitler
ordered the invasion
of Poland by the
German army.
• Throughout 1938 and 1939 FDR
educated the American public about
the menace of fascism.
• FDR called Congress into special
session so that GB and France
could send freighters to the US to
buy supplies with cash.
Poland Attacked: Sept. 1, 1939
Blitzkrieg [“Lightening War”]
German Troops March into Warsaw
The Polish army was defeated by October 5.
Norway and Denmark
• On April 9, 1940, the German army
attacked Norway and Denmark.
• Denmark fell in a day!
• Within a month Norway was under
German control.
Dunkirk Evacuated
June 4, 1940
France Surrenders
June, 1940
A Divided France
Henri Petain
Now Britain Is All Alone!
British Prime Minister
Winston Churchill
Battle of Britain:
The “Blitz”
The Royal Air Force
The German Air Force launched an all-out air
battle to destroy the British Royal Air Force. The
British were able to detect incoming German
aircraft and direct British fighters to intercept
them.
Isolationist Debate
• After the German invasion of France
and the rescue of Allied forces at
Dunkirk, American public opinion
changed to favor limited aid to the
Allies.
• Roosevelt ran for a third term and won
by a large margin.
U. S. Lend-Lease Act,
1941
The US could lend or lease arms to any country
considered “vital to the defense of the US.”
1941 Hitler began a massive invasion of the
Soviet Union.
Great Britain.........................$31 billion
Soviet Union..........................$11 billion
France..................................$3 billion
China..................................$1.5 billion
Other European......................$500 million
South America.......................$400 million
The amount totaled: $48,601,365,000
Lend-Lease
The Atlantic Charter
y Roosevelt and
Churchill sign
treaty of
friendship in
August 1941.
y Solidifies alliance.
y Fashioned after
Wilson’s 14 Points.
y Calls for League of
Nations type
organization.
• Export Control Act, giving Roosevelt
the power to restrict the sale of
strategic materials.
• By July 1941, Japanese aircraft
posed a direct threat to the British
Empire.
• Roosevelt responded to the threat by
freezing all Japanese assets in the
United States.
Pearl Harbor
Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto
Pearl Harbor from the Cockpit
of a Japanese Pilot
Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941
A date which will live in infamy!
USS Arizona, Pearl Harbor
President Roosevelt Signs the
US Declaration of War
Pearl Harbor Memorial
2,887 Americans Dead!