Transcript Napoleon`s Campaign

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Before Reading
1. An English Song -The Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald
2. Napoleon Bonaparte
3. World War II
4. Map Reading
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An English Song -The Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald
1. Background of the Song
2. Questions about the Song
3. Blank Filling
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Background of the Song
The song you are about to hear is based on a true story. It
tells the tale of the sinking of a ship called The Edmund
Fitzgerald that was caught in a storm on Lake Superior back
in November 1975, with the loss of all on board.
Lake Superior is an enormous lake and the wind can at
times make it dangerous to shipping, whipping up huge
waves. November is a particularly dangerous month for such
storms. This had long ago been noticed by a local native
American tribe, the Chippewa, who used to speak of how
death threatened from the lake when storm clouds gathered
in November. According to legend, the big lake, which they
called Gitche Gumee, was without mercy in that month, never
giving up those it had marked for death.
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Background of the Song
It is this legend that starts the song before it moves on to
talk of The Edmund Fitzgerald. The Edmund Fitzgerald, like
many other ships that sail the lake, was built to carry iron ore.
Filled with ore these ships lie low in the water and can find
themselves in difficulties in rough weather. So, with a full
load on board we can imagine the anxiety that must have
begun to creep into the hearts of the sailors on board The
Edmund Fitzgerald as they felt the cold wind beginning to
rise and heard the sound of it singing as it blew through the
wires. For, despite the fact that the captain and crew were all
experienced, ‘well-seasoned’ as the song says, they all knew
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Background of the Song
the dangers of November storms. Before long their worse
fears started to come true and the storm had risen to a
hurricane. The despair of the crew is captured in the words of
the cook. First he comes on deck to tell the sailors it is too
rough to cook, they will have to wait for their supper. The next
we hear from him he is saying goodbye to his shipmates.
Water is pouring into the ship. The captain sends out a
distress signal, but that is the last that is heard from the ship.
It is swallowed up by the lake, leaving nothing behind but the
mourning families of the twenty-nine sailors and the sound of
the church bell ringing in their memory.
Now let’s listen to the song.
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Questions about the Song
Listen to the song and answer the following questions.
1. Where and when did the storm take place?
It took place on Lake Superior in November 1975.
2. Why did the crew fear the worst?
Because they knew the dangers of November storms
and the storm had risen to a hurricane.
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Blank Filling
The ______
legend lives on from the Chippewa on down
Of the big lake they call Gitche Gumee
The lake, it is said, never gives
up her dead
______
When the skies of November turn gloomy
With a load of iron ore ________
twenty-six thousand tons more
Than the Edmund Fitzgerald weighed empty
That good ship and true was a bone to be chewed
When the _____
gales of November came early
The ship was the pride of the American side
Coming back from some mill in Wisconsin
As the big freighters go, it was _________
bigger than most
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With a crew and good captain well seasoned
_________
couple of steel firms
Concluding some terms with a
When they left fully loaded for Cleveland
And later that night when the ship's bell rang
Could it be ____________
the north wind they'd been feeling
The wind in the wires made a tattle-tale sound
And a wave _________
broke over the railing
And every man knew, as the captain did too
T’was the witch of November come stealing
The _____
dawn came late and the breakfast had to wait
When the Gales of November came slashing
When afternoon came it was freezing rain
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__________
In
the face of a hurricane west wind
When suppertime came, the old cook came on deck saying
Fellas, it's too
______________
rough to feed ya
At seven PM a main hatchway caved in, he said
Fellas, it's been good to know ya
The captain wired in he had water coming in
And the good ship and crew was ______
in peril
And later that night when his lights went out of sight
Came the _____
wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald
Does any one know where the love of God goes
_____________
When the waves turn the minutes
to hours
The searchers all say they'd have made Whitefish Bay
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If they'd put fifteen more miles behind her
They might have ______
split up or they might have capsized
They may have broke deep and took water
And all that remains
______ is the faces and the names
Of the wives and the sons and the daughters
Lake Huron rolls, Superior sings
In the rooms of her _______
ice water mansion
Old Michigan steams like a young man's dreams
The ______
islands and bays are for sportsmen
And farther below Lake Ontario
Takes in what Lake Erie can send her
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And the iron boats go as the mariners all know
With the Gales of November
________ remembered
In a musty old
______
hall in Detroit they prayed
In the Maritime Sailors' Cathedral
The church bell chimed till it rang twenty-nine times
For each man on the Edmund Fitzgerald
The legend ______
lives on from the Chippewa on down
Of the big lake they call Gitche Gumee
Superior, they said, never gives
_______
up her dead
When the gales of November come early
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Napoleon Bonaparte
1. A Brief Introduction to Napoleon Bonaparte
2. Napoleon’s Chronology
3. The Battle of Waterloo
4. Napoleon’s Campaign
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A Brief Introduction to Napoleon Bonaparte
Napoleon Bonaparte (1769−1821)
Emperor of the French, who consolidated
and institutionalized many reforms of the
French Revolution. One of the greatest
military commanders of all time, he
conquered the larger part of Europe.
During 1802--1815 Napoleon tried to
gain control of the whole of Europe. He had
great success against all his enemies
except Britain, whose navy under Nelson
defeated the French navy at the Battle of
Trafalgar in 1805, and whose army fought
the Peninsular War against him from 1808
to 1814, making him weaker in his other
campaigns.
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In 1812 Napoleon lost half a million men when he invaded
Russia in winter, and in 1814 the British, Russians,
Prussians and Austrians entered Paris. They sent
Napoleon to rule the island of Elba in the Mediterranean,
but he collected an army around him and returned to Paris.
He was soon defeated again, at the Battle of Waterloo in
1815, and was sent to the island of St. Helena in the south
Atlantic, where he died in 1821.
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French
Revolution
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Nelson
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The Battle
of Trafalgar
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The Peninsular
War
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The Battle of
Waterloo
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The Island
of St. Helena
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Napoleon’s Chronology
Date
Event
August 15, 1769 Born in Ajaccio, Corsia.
April 1796
May 1798
Italian campaign began.
Bonaparte’s Egyptian campaign
began -- War of the Second Coalition.
May~June 1800 Bonaparte’s second Italian campaign.
May 1804
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Referendum proclaimed Bonaparte
as hereditary Emperor.
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Napoleon’s Chronology
Date
Event
December
2, 1804
The pope was brought to Paris for his
coronation in Notre Dame.
June 1812
Invasion of Russia.
September
7, 1812
Battle of Borodino.
October 1812
Retreat from Moscow began.
January 1814
Allies crossed the Rhine.
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Napoleon’s Chronology
Date
Event
March 31, 1814 Paris fell.
April 6, 1814
Napoleon abdicated.
March 20, 1815
Napoleon escaped from Elba and
returned to Paris.
June 18, 1815
Battle of Waterloo.
May 5, 1821
Napoleon died on Saint Helena.
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Napoleon’s Chronology
Date
Event
August 15, 1769 Born in Ajaccio, Corsia.
April 1796
May 1798
Italian campaign began.
Bonaparte's Egyptian campaign
began – War of the Second Coalition.
May~June 1800 Bonaparte's second Italian campaign.
May 1804
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Referendum proclaimed Bonaparte
as hereditary Emperor.
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Napoleon’s Chronology
Date
Event
December
2, 1804
The pope was brought to Paris for his
coronation in Notre Dame.
June 1812
Invasion of Russia.
September
7, 1812
Battle of Borodino.
October 1812
Retreat from Moscow began.
January 1814
Allies crossed the Rhine.
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Napoleon’s Chronology
Date
Event
December
2, 1804
The pope was brought to Paris for his
coronation in Notre Dame.
June 1812
Invasion of Russia.
September
7, 1812
Battle of Borodino.
October 1812
Retreat from Moscow began.
January 1814
Allies crossed the Rhine.
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Napoleon’s Chronology
Date
Event
March 31, 1814 Paris fell.
April 6, 1814
Napoleon abdicated.
March 20, 1815
Napoleon escaped from Elba and
returned to Paris.
June 18, 1815
Battle of Waterloo.
May 5, 1821
Napoleon died on Saint Helena.
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Napoleon’s Chronology
Date
Event
March 31, 1814 Paris fell.
April 6, 1814
Napoleon abdicated.
March 20, 1815
Napoleon escaped from Elba and
returned to Paris.
June 18, 1815
Battle of Waterloo.
May 5, 1821
Napoleon died on Saint Helena.
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Napoleon’s Chronology
Date
Event
March 31, 1814 Paris fell.
April 6, 1814
Napoleon abdicated.
March 20, 1815
Napoleon escaped from Elba and
returned to Paris.
June 18, 1815
Battle of Waterloo.
May 5, 1821
Napoleon died on Saint Helena.
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The Battle of Waterloo
The Battle of Waterloo is the final and decisive action of
the Napoleonic Wars, which effectively ended French
domination of the European continent and brought about
drastic changes in the political boundaries and the power
balance of Europe. Fought on June 18, 1815, near
Waterloo, in what is now Belgium, the battle ranks as a
great turning point in modern history.
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The Battle of Waterloo
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Napoleon’s Campaign
While allies in name, France and Russia were never real
friends. Russia's economy was being hurt by Napoleon
Bonaparte's Continental System that banned trade with
Britain and internal pressures forced Tsar Alexander to turn a
blind eye to those who broke it. Bonaparte decided to bring
the Russians back into line and gathered a Grand Army of
more than 500,000 men -- including contingents from all
France's allies -- to frighten them.
Bonaparte left the army on 5 December to return to Paris
where a coup had been foiled and to raise another army. His
troops dragged themselves on and on 7 December finally
crossed the Niemen out of Russian territory. They had
survived, but only 20,000 of them.
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Napoleon’s Campaign
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World War II
1. Chronology of the War
2. A Brief Introduction to the War
3. Adolf Hitler
A Brief Introduction to Adolf Hitler
Hitler’s Chronology
4. Siege of Leningrad
5. Stalingrad
6. Joseph Stalin
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Chronology of the War
Date
September
1, 1939
Event
The Second World War in Europe started
with German armies pouring across the
Polish frontier.
April, 1940
Denmark and Norway were conquered.
Hitler’s troops drove into France and
May 10, 1940 within the following six weeks, Holland,
Belgium
and
Luxembourg
had
surrendered as had France.
June 22, 1941 Hitler launched his long-term attack on the
Soviet Union.
September, 1942 A decisive battle was fought at Stalingrad,
~February, 1943 which was the turning point of the war.
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Chronology of the War
Date
Event
The U. S. A. entered the war after
December, 1941 Japanese planes bombed the American
naval base at Pearl Harbor.
American, British and Canadian forces
June 6, 1944 landed in Normandy and opened the
second front in Europe.
May 2, 1945
The Soviet army took Berlin.
May 7, 1945
Germany surrendered.
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Chronology of the War
Date
September
1, 1939
Event
The Second World War in Europe started
with German armies pouring across the
Polish frontier.
April, 1940
Denmark and Norway were conquered.
Hitler’s troops drove into France and
May 10, 1940 within the following six weeks, Holland,
Belgium
and
Luxembourg
had
surrendered as had France.
June 22, 1941 Hitler launched his long-term attack on the
Soviet Union.
September, 1942 A decisive battle was fought at Stalingrad,
~February, 1943 which was the turning point of the war.
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Chronology of the War
Date
September
1, 1939
Event
The Second World War in Europe started
with German armies pouring across the
Polish frontier.
April, 1940
Denmark and Norway were conquered.
Hitler’s troops drove into France and
May 10, 1940 within the following six weeks, Holland,
Belgium
and
Luxembourg
had
surrendered as had France.
June 22, 1941 Hitler launched his long-term attack on the
Soviet Union.
September, 1942 A decisive battle was fought at Stalingrad,
~February, 1943 which was the turning point of the war.
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Chronology of the War
Date
September
1, 1939
Event
The Second World War in Europe started
with German armies pouring across the
Polish frontier.
April, 1940
Denmark and Norway were conquered.
Hitler’s troops drove into France and
May 10, 1940 within the following six weeks, Holland,
Belgium
and
Luxembourg
had
surrendered as had France.
June 22, 1941 Hitler launched his long-term attack on the
Soviet Union.
September, 1942 A decisive battle was fought at Stalingrad,
~February, 1943 which was the turning point of the war.
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Chronology of the War
Date
September
1, 1939
Event
The Second World War in Europe started
with German armies pouring across the
Polish frontier.
April, 1940
Denmark and Norway were conquered.
Hitler’s troops drove into France and
May 10, 1940 within the following six weeks, Holland,
Belgium
and
Luxembourg
had
surrendered as had France.
June 22, 1941 Hitler launched his long-term attack on the
Soviet Union.
September, 1942 A decisive battle was fought at Stalingrad,
~February, 1943 which was the turning point of the war.
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Chronology of the War
Date
September
1, 1939
Event
The Second World War in Europe started
with German armies pouring across the
Polish frontier.
April, 1940
Denmark and Norway were conquered.
Hitler’s troops drove into France and
May 10, 1940 within the following six weeks, Holland,
Belgium
and
Luxembourg
had
surrendered as had France.
June 22, 1941 Hitler launched his long-term attack on the
Soviet Union.
September, 1942 A decisive battle was fought at Stalingrad,
~February, 1943 which was the turning point of the war.
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Chronology of the War
Date
Event
The U. S. A. entered the war after
December, 1941 Japanese planes bombed the American
naval base at Pearl Harbor.
American, British and Canadian forces
June 6, 1944 landed in Normandy and opened the
second front in Europe.
May 2, 1945
The Soviet army took Berlin.
May 7, 1945
Germany surrendered.
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Chronology of the War
Date
Event
The U. S. A. entered the war after
December, 1941 Japanese planes bombed the American
naval base at Pearl Harbor.
American, British and Canadian forces
June 6, 1944 landed in Normandy and opened the
second front in Europe.
May 2, 1945
The Soviet army took Berlin.
May 7, 1945
Germany surrendered.
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Chronology of the War
Date
Event
The U. S. A. entered the war after
December, 1941 Japanese planes bombed the American
naval base at Pearl Harbor.
American, British and Canadian forces
June 6, 1944 landed in Normandy and opened the
second front in Europe.
May 2, 1945
The Soviet army took Berlin.
May 7, 1945
Germany surrendered.
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Chronology of the War
Date
Event
The U. S. A. entered the war after
December, 1941 Japanese planes bombed the American
naval base at Pearl Harbor.
American, British and Canadian forces
June 6, 1944 landed in Normandy and opened the
second front in Europe.
May 2, 1945
The Soviet army took Berlin.
May 7, 1945
Germany surrendered.
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A Brief Introduction to Adolf Hitler
Adolf Hitler (1889?1945):
German political and military
leader and one of the 20th
century's most powerful
dictators. Hitler converted
Germany into a fully
militarized society and
launched World War II in
1939. He made anti-Semitism
a keystone of his propaganda
and policies and built the
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Hitler’s Chronology
Date
Event
April 23, 1889
Born in Braunau, upper Austria, son of a
customs official.
1914 ~ 1918
Volunteer in German Army. Wounded,
gassed, and decorated.
Joined German Workers' Party, which he
September 1919 reorganized as the National Socialist
German Workers' (Nazi) Party.
November
11, 1923
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Arrested for leading the Munich Beer Hall
putsch (coup) against the German
national government.
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Hitler’s Chronology
Date
Event
Appointed chancellor after Nazis won oneJanuary 30, 1933
third of votes.
Following the death of Paul von
August 19, 1934 Hindenburg, Hitler assumed presidency
while maintaining his other title as
chancellor.
Sent troops into the Rhineland in
March 7, 1936 violation of treaties of Versailles and
Locamo.
Invaded Poland, provoking Britain and
September
France to declare war on Germany two
1, 1939
days later.
April 30, 1945 Committed suicide in Berlin bunker.
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Hitler’s Chronology
Date
Event
April 23, 1889
Born in Bnunau, upper Austria, son of a
customs official.
1914 ~ 1918
Volunteer in Geman Army. Wounded,
gassed, and decorated.
Joined German Workers' party, which he
September 1919 reorganized as the National Socialist
German Workers' (Nazi) party.
November
11, 1923
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Arrested for leading the Munich Beer Hall
putsch (coup) against the German
national government.
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Hitler’s Chronology
Date
Event
Appointed chancellor after Nazis win oneJanuary 30, 1933
third of votes.
Following the death of Paul von
August 19, 1934 Hindenburg, Hitler assumed presidency
while maintaining his other title as
chancellor.
Sent troops into the Rhineland in
March 7, 1936 violation of treaties of Versailles and
Locamo.
Invaded Poland, provoking Britain and
September
France to declare war on Germany two
1, 1939
days later.
April 30, 1945 Committed suicide in Berlin bunker.
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Hitler’s Chronology
Date
Event
Appointed chancellor after Nazis win oneJanuary 30, 1933
third of votes.
Following the death of Paul von
August 19, 1934 Hindenburg, Hitler assumed presidency
while maintaining his other title as
chancellor.
Sent troops into the Rhineland in
March 7, 1936 violation of treaties of Versailles and
Locamo.
Invaded Poland, provoking Britain and
September
France to declare war on Germany two
1, 1939
days later.
April 30, 1945 Committed suicide in Berlin bunker.
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Siege of Leningrad
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Siege of Leningrad
Also known as the 900-Day Siege, blockade by German
forces of the USSR’s second largest city during World War II,
from September 1941 to January 1944. The total destruction
of Leningrad was one of Adolf Hitler’s major objectives in his
Russian campaign and had been specifically mentioned in
the Barbarossa directive of December 18, 1940. The Nazi
leader had described the city as a center of JewishBolshevik intelligentsia. There was to be no place for
Leningrad in the Nazi “New Order”.
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Stalingrad
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Stalingrad
During World War II, Stalingrad, a strategically located
industrial center, was a vital German objective. A large
German force mounted an assault on the city on August 20,
1942, after a period of heavy air raids. A successful Soviet
counteroffensive began on November 19, and on February 2,
1943, the Sixth German Army surrendered, thus ending the
German advance into the USSR. German casualties alone
totaled more than 300,000, and the Soviet city was almost
completely destroyed. Reconstruction began immediately
after the war. The city was renamed Volgograd in 1961.
Population (1999 estimate) 995,800.
The five-month battle of Stalingrad, one of the most
important battles in history, was a turning point in World War
II
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Joseph Stalin
Joseph Stalin (1879?1953):
General secretary of the
Communist Party of the Union
of Soviet Socialist Republics
(USSR) (1922?1953) and
chairman of the Council of
Ministers of the USSR (1941?
1953). Under his leadership
the USSR was built into a
modern economic and military
power that repelled Hitler's
armies in World War II and
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Map Reading
Read the following maps and answer the following questions.
1. Napoleon’s Russian Campaign, 1812
1) Find the following place names: Moscow, Borodino, and
Neman River.
2) What happened in Borodino?
Click here to see the map!
2 Hitler’s Russian Campaign, 1941~1944
1) When did the Hitler’s Russian Campaign happen?
2) How long was Leningrad being besieged?
Click here to see the map!
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Napoleon’s Russian Campaign
1) Find the following place names: Moscow, Borodino, and
Neman River.
2) What happened in Borodino?
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Hitler’s Russian Campaign
1) When did the Hitler’s Russian Campaign happen?
2) How long was Leningrad being besieged?
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Global Reading
1. Part Division of the Text
2. True or False
3. Questions and Answers
4. Text Analysis
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Part Division of the Text
Part
1
2
3
4
Lines
1~12
Main Ideas
Introduction -- Both Napoleon’s and
Hitler’s military campaigns failed
because of the severity of the Russian
winter.
13~62 Napoleon’s military campaign against
Russia.
Hitler’s military campaign against the
63~113 Soviet Union.
Conclusion -- The elements of nature
114~117 must be reckoned with in any military
campaign.
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True or False
1. “The icy defender” refers to the Russian river. ( F )
“The icy defender” refers to the bleak Russian winter.
2. Napoleon and his troops gained the quick victory in Russia
as they had expected. ( F )
To Napoleon’s surprise, the Russians refused to stand and
fight. They retreated eastward, burning their crops and
homes as they went.
3. Napoleon didn’t capture the capital of Russia. ( F )
Napoleon captured the capital of Russia: Moscow.
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True or False
4. Hitler began an invasion of the Soviet Union that was the
largest military land campaign in history. ( T )
5. German troops adopted scorch-earth policy when they
entered Russia. ( F )
Stalin instructed the Russian people to burn and destroy
farms and factories.
6. Hitler failed to capture Moscow because of the strong
resistance from Russian people. ( F )
Hitler failed to capture Moscow because of the severe winter
in Russia.
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Questions and Answers
1. What happened to Napoleon’s Grand Army when it was
retreating from Moscow?
The Russians launched hit-and-run attacks on the French
from fields and forests. On the other hand, the temperature
dropped to minus 4 degrees Celsius and Napoleon’s army
didn’t have enough clothes, food and shelter.
2. Why didn’t the Russian people defend their homeland in
the face of Napoleon’s offensive?
They would like to take advantage of their nature situation to
fight for them.
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Questions and Answers
3. What tactics did Hitler use in his invasion of the Soviet
Union?
He planned to use the tactics called blitzkrieg, or “lightning
war”, which had defeated the rest of Europe.
4. What was the significance of the battle of Stalingrad?
It was one of the most important battles. It ended Germany's
ongoing offensive against the Soviet Union, and along with
the second Battle of El Alamein paved the way for Nazi
Germany's eventual defeat.
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Questions and Answers
5. What conclusion does the author draw from Napoleon’s
and Hitler’s military campaigns?
The elements of nature must be reckoned with in any
military campaign.
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Text Analysis
A Comparison-and-Contrast Analysis of the Two Invasions
Invading country
France
Country invaded
Russia
Napoleon
Starter of war
Starting time of
invasion
Spring, 1812
Strength of invading
force
Prediction
Before Reading
Germany
Soviet Union
Hitler
6/22/1941
the largest land
campaign in
600,000
history
quick victory,
Blitzkrieg (lightning
conquest of Russia war), lasting no
in 5 weeks
longer than 3 months
Global Reading
Detailed Reading
After Reading
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Text Analysis
A Comparison-and-Contrast Analysis of the Two Invasions
refusing to stand and “scorch the earth”,
Initial resistance fight; retreating
fierce fight to defend
strategy
eastwards, burning
major cities
crops and homes
Capture of the
Russian capital
no
yes
Major battles
Smolensk, Borodino, Leningrad, Stalingrad
the Berezina River
Truce offer
by Napoleon, rejected
by the Czar
Before Reading
Global Reading
no
Detailed Reading
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Home
Text Analysis
A Comparison-and-Contrast Analysis of the Two Invasions
Biggest enemy
for the invading
force
Turning point
Fate of the
invading force
War-starter’s
fate
Before Reading
heavy rain, “General
Mud”, snow, freezing
temperature
snow, freezing
temperature
October 1812 when 1943, when the Soviet
Napoleon ordered a troops pushed the
retreat
German forces back
only 100, 000
survived
heavy losses
Napoleon abdicated
and went into exile,
his empire at an end
Global Reading
Hitler committed
suicide, his empire
collapsing
Detailed Reading
After Reading
Home
The Icy Defender
In 1812, Napoleon Bonaparte, Emperor of the French, led
his Grand Army into Russia. He was prepared for the fierce
resistance of the Russian people defending their homeland.
He was prepared for the long march across Russian soil to
Moscow, the capital city. But he was not prepared for the
devastating enemy that met him in Moscow -- the raw, bitter,
bleak Russian winter.
In 1941, Adolf Hitler, leader of Nazi Germany, launched
an attack against the Soviet Union, as Russia then was
called. Hitler’s military might was unequaled.
Sentence
Before Reading
Word
Global Reading
Detailed Reading
After Reading
Home
His war machine had mowed down resistance in most of
Europe. Hitler expected a short campaign but, like Napoleon
before him, was taught a painful lesson. The Russian winter
again came to the aid of the Soviet soldiers.
Napoleon’s Campaign
In the spring of 1812, Napoleon
assembled an army of six hundred
thousand men on the borders of
Russia. The soldiers were well
trained, efficient, and well equipped.
This military force was called the
Grand Army. Napoleon, confident of a
quick victory, predicted the conquest
of Russia in five weeks.
Sentence
Before Reading
Word
Global Reading
Detailed Reading
After Reading
Home
Shortly afterwards, Napoleon’s army crossed the Neman
River into Russia. The quick, decisive victory that Napoleon
expected never happened. To his surprise, the Russians
refused to stand and fight. Instead, they retreated eastward,
burning their crops and homes as they went. The Grand Army
followed, but its advance march soon became bogged down
by slow-moving supply lines.
In August, the French and Russian armies engaged at
Smolensk, in a battle that left over ten thousand dead on each
side. Yet, the Russians were again able to retreat farther into
Russian territory. Napoleon had won no decisive victory.
Sentence
Before Reading
Word
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He was now faced with a crucial decision. Should he
continue to pursue the Russian army? Or should he keep his
army in Smolensk for the approaching winter?
Napoleon took the gamble of pressing on to Moscow, 448
kilometers away. On September 7, 1812, the French and
Russian armies met in fierce battle at Borodino, 112
kilometers west of Moscow. By nightfall, thirty thousand
French and forty-four thousand Russians lay dead or
wounded on the battlefield.
Sentence
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Word
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Again, the Russian army retreated
to safety. Napoleon had a clear path
to Moscow, but the occupation of the
city became an empty victory. The
Russians fled their capital. Soon after
the French arrived, a raging fire
destroyed two-thirds of the city.
Napoleon offered a
truce
to
Alexander I, but the Russian czar knew he could bide his time:
“We shall let the Russian winter fight the war for us.”
Sentence
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Word
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Napoleon soon realized he could not feed, clothe, and
quarter his army in Moscow during the winter. In October
1812, he ordered his Grand Army to retreat from Moscow.
The French retreat turned into a nightmare. From fields
and forests, the Russians launched hit-and-run attacks on
the French. A short distance from Moscow, the temperature
had already dropped to minus 4 degrees Celsius. On
November 3, the winter’s first snow came. Exhausted horses
fell dead in their tracks. Cannon became stuck in the snow.
Equipment had to be burned for fuel. Soldiers took ill and
froze to death. The French soldiers dragged on, leaving the
dead along every mile.
Sentence
Before Reading
Word
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After Reading
Home
As the Russian army was gathering its strength, the French
had to flee Russia to avoid certain defeat. At the Berezina
River, the Russians nearly
trapped the retreating French by
burning the bridges over the
swollen river. But Napoleon, by a
stroke of luck, was able to build
two new bridges. Thousands of
French soldiers escaped, but at
the cost of fifty thousand dead.
Once across the Berezina, the
tattered survivors limped toward
Vilna.
Sentence
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Word
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Of the six hundred thousand soldiers Napoleon had led
into Russia, less than one hundred thousand came back. The
weakened French army continued its retreat westward across
Europe. Soon, Britain, Austria, Russia, and Prussia formed a
powerful alliance and attacked these stragglers. In March
1814, Paris was captured. Napoleon abdicated and went into
exile, his empire at an end.
Hitler’s Invasion
By early 1941, Adolf Hitler, leader of Nazi Germany, had
seized control of most of Europe. To the east of Hitler’s
German empire was the Soviet Union. On June 22, 1941,
without a declaration of war, Hitler began an invasion of the
Soviet Union that was the largest military land campaign in
history. Confident of a quick victory, Hitler expected the
campaign to last no longer than three months.
Sentence
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Word
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He planned to use the blitzkrieg, or “lightning war,” tactics
that had defeated the rest of Europe. The invasion had three
broad thrusts: against Leningrad and Moscow and through
the Ukraine.
Caught off guard by the invasion,
Soviet leader Joseph Stalin instructed
the Russian people to “scorch the
earth” in front of the German invaders.
Farms and factories were burned,
destroyed, or rendered useless.
During the first ten weeks of the invasion, the Germans
pushed the front eastward, and the Russians suffered more
than a million casualties.
Sentence
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Word
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In the north, the Germans closed in on Leningrad. Despite
great suffering, however, the people of Leningrad refused to
surrender. As the battle of Leningrad dragged on into winter,
the city’s situation became desperate. As food ran out, people
died from hunger and disease. By the middle of the winter of
1941-1942, nearly four thousand people starved to death
every day. Close to one million people died as a result of the
siege.
In the center of Russia, Hitler’s goal was the capture of
Moscow. Because the Germans had anticipated a quick
victory, they had made no plans for winter supplies. October
arrived with heavy rains. “General Mud” slowed down the
movement of the Germans’ lightning attack.
Sentence
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Word
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As Hitler’s armies drew closer and closer to Moscow,
an early, severe winter settled over the Soviet Union, the
harshest in years. Temperatures
dropped to minus 48 degrees Celsius.
Heavy snows fell. The German
soldiers, completely unprepared for
the Russian winter, froze in their light
summer uniforms. The German tanks
lay buried in the heavy snowbanks.
The Russian winter brought the
German offensive to a halt.
Sentence
Before Reading
Word
Global Reading
Detailed Reading
After Reading
Home
By the summer of 1942, Hitler had launched two new
offensives. In the south, the Germans captured Sevastopol.
Hitler then pushed east to Stalingrad, a great industrial city
that stretched for 48 kilometers along the Volga River. Despite
great suffering, Soviet defenders refused to give up Stalingrad.
In November 1942, the Russians launched a
counterattack. With little or no shelter from the winter cold in
and around Stalingrad, German troops were further weakened
by a lack of food and supplies. Not until January 1943 did the
Germans give up their siege. Of the three hundred thousand
Germans attacking Stalingrad, only ninety thousand starving
soldiers were left. The loss of the battle for Stalingrad finally
turned the tide against Hitler. The German victories were over,
thanks in part to the Russian winter.
Sentence
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Word
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During 1943 and 1944, the Soviet armies pushed the
German front back toward the west. In the north, the Red
Army broke the three-year siege of Leningrad with a surprise
attack on January 15, 1944. Within
two weeks, the heroic survivors of
Leningrad saw their invaders depart.
By March 1944, the Ukraine farming
region was again in Soviet hands. On
May 9, 1944, Sevastopol was
liberated from the Germans. The
Russians were now heading for Berlin.
Sentence
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Word
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For Hitler, the invasion of the Soviet Union had turned
into a military disaster. For the Russian people, it brought
unspeakable suffering. The total Soviet dead in World War II
reached almost 23 million.
Russia’s Icy Defender
The elements of nature must be reckoned with in any
military campaign. Napoleon and Hitler both underestimated
the severity of the Russian winter. Snow, ice, and freezing
temperatures took their toll on both invading armies. For the
Russian people, the winter was an icy defender.
Sentence
Before Reading
Word
Global Reading
Detailed Reading
After Reading
Home
The Icy Defender
In 1812, Napoleon Bonaparte, Emperor of the French, led
his
Army into Russia. He was prepared for the fierce
1. Analyze the structure of
theGrand
sentence.
resistance
of the
Russian
people defending their homeland.
“That met him in Moscow”
is an attributive
clause
modifying
“the devastating enemy”
“theprepared
raw, bitter, bleak
Russian
Hewhile
was
for the
long march across Russian soil to
winter” is in apposition to “the devastating enemy”.
the capital city. But he was not prepared for the
2. Translate the sentenceMoscow,
into Chinese.
但他没有料到在莫斯科他会遭遇劲敌——俄罗斯阴冷凄苦的寒冬。
devastating enemy that met him in Moscow -- the raw, bitter,
bleak Russian winter.
In 1941, Adolf Hitler,Close
leader of Nazi Germany, launched
an attack against the Soviet Union, as Russia then was
called. Hitler’s military might was unequaled.
Sentence
Before Reading
Word
Global Reading
Detailed Reading
After Reading
Home
His war machine had mowed down resistance in most of
Europe. Hitler expected a short campaign but, like Napoleon
before him, was taught a painful lesson. The Russian winter
again came to the aid of the Soviet soldiers.
Napoleon’s Campaign
What does this sentence imply?
In the spring of 1812, Napoleon
It implies that Hitler’s Russian campaign still ended in failure.
assembled an army of six hundred
thousand men on theClose
borders of
Russia. The soldiers were well
trained, efficient, and well equipped.
This military force was called the
Grand Army. Napoleon, confident of a
quick victory, predicted the conquest
of Russia in five weeks.
Sentence
Before Reading
Word
Global Reading
Detailed Reading
After Reading
Home
His war machine had mowed down resistance in most of
Europe. Hitler expected a short campaign but, like Napoleon
before him, was taught a painful lesson. The Russian winter
Paraphrase the sentence.
again came to the aid of the Soviet soldiers.
Napoleon’s
The Russian winter at last helped the soviet
soldiers toCampaign
fight
off their enemy.
In the spring of 1812, Napoleon
assembled an army of Close
six hundred
thousand men on the borders of
Russia. The soldiers were well
trained, efficient, and well equipped.
This military force was called the
Grand Army. Napoleon, confident of a
quick victory, predicted the conquest
of Russia in five weeks.
Sentence
Before Reading
Word
Global Reading
Detailed Reading
After Reading
Home
1.
2.
His war machine had mowed down resistance in most of
Europe. Hitler expected a short campaign but, like Napoleon
before him, was taught a painful lesson. The Russian winter
again came to the aid of the Soviet soldiers.
What’s the function of “confident of a quick victory” in the
Napoleon’s Campaign
sentence?
In the
spring
1812, Napoleon
It is an adjective phrase, which
serves
as anof
adverbial
modifier (状语), indicating
the cause. an army of six hundred
assembled
thousand
men
the borders of
What can you infer from
the sentence
abouton
Napoleon’s
characters?
Russia. The soldiers were well
He is self-confident, but
too proud.
trained,
efficient, and well equipped.
This military force was called the
Close
Grand Army. Napoleon, confident
of a
quick victory, predicted the conquest
of Russia in five weeks.
Sentence
Before Reading
Word
Global Reading
Detailed Reading
After Reading
Home
Shortly afterwards, Napoleon’s army crossed the Neman
River into Russia. The quick, decisive victory that Napoleon
expected never happened. To his surprise, the Russians
1. What is the meaningrefused
of “becametobogged
standdown”?
and fight. Instead, they retreated eastward,
become/be/get bogged
down: be
unable
to make
burning
their
crops
andprogress
homes as they went. The Grand Army
followed,
but because
its advance
march soon became bogged down
S Most of the tanks were
bogged down
of mechanical
defects and inexperienced crews.
by slow-moving supply lines.
S The local government got bogged down in problems of how
August,
the French
and Russian armies engaged at
to handle the emission ofIn
hazardous
chemicals
by industrial
facilities.
Smolensk, in a battle that left over ten thousand dead on each
2. Translate the sentence into Chinese.
side. Yet, the Russians were again able to retreat farther into
大军紧追不舍，但它的长驱直入很快由于粮草运输缓慢而停顿下来。
Russian territory. Napoleon had won no decisive victory.
Close
Sentence
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Word
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Home
Again, the Russian army retreated
to safety. Napoleon had a clear path
Moscow,
buthisthe
occupation of the
1. Paraphrase “offeredto
a truce”
and “bide
time”.
city“offer
became
an empty
victory. The
“Offer a truce” means
an agreement
to stop fighting”.
“Bide his time” means “wait patiently for a chance”.
Russians fled their capital. Soon after
2. Why did the Russian czar say “We shall let the Russian
French arrived, a raging fire
winter fight the war the
for us”?
Because the Russian
winter was raw,
bitter, bleakofandthe
the city.
destroyed
two-thirds
Grand Army’s supply lines moved slowly, the Russian czar
Napoleon
a
truce
to
was confident that they
would defeatoffered
the Grand Army.
Closeczar knew he could bide his time:
Alexander I, but the Russian
“We shall let the Russian winter fight the war for us.”
Sentence
Before Reading
Word
Global Reading
Detailed Reading
After Reading
Home
As the Russian army was gathering its strength, the French
had to flee Russia to avoid certain defeat. At the Berezina
River, the Russians nearly
1. Paraphrase the phrase
“the swollen
trapped
the river”.
retreating French by
the swollen river: the rising river
burning the bridges over the
2. Translate the sentence
into Chinese.
swollen
river. But Napoleon, by a
在别列兹那河，俄国人焚烧了涨水的河道上的桥梁，差点将后撤的法
stroke of luck, was able to build
军困于河边。
two new bridges. Thousands of
Close
French soldiers escaped,
but at
the cost of fifty thousand dead.
Once across the Berezina, the
tattered survivors limped toward
Vilna.
Sentence
Before Reading
Word
Global Reading
Detailed Reading
After Reading
Home
He planned to use the blitzkrieg , or “lightning war,” tactics
that had defeated the rest of Europe. The invasion had three
broad thrusts: against Leningrad and Moscow and through
1. What’s the meaning of “caught off guard”?
the Ukraine.
catch off guard: take sb. by surprise
S
S
Caught off guard by the invasion,
The invitation to his wedding caught me off guard.
Soviet
leader
Stalin instructed
The manager didn’t know
what
to say. Joseph
It was clear
that my question hadthe
caught
him off guard.
Russian
people to “scorch the
2. Why did Stalin instruct
the Russian
people
to “scorch
earth”
in front
of the
German invaders.
the earth”?
Farms and factories were burned,
In this way, Hitler’s army couldn’t get any supply.
rendered useless.
3. What is the meaningdestroyed,
of this sentenceor
in Chinese?
During the first ten weeks of
苏联领导人约瑟夫•斯大林被打了个措手不及，他指示全国人民
在德国入侵者到来之前实行“焦土”政策。
pushed the front eastward,
Closeand
the invasion, the Germans
the Russians suffered more
than a million casualties.
Sentence
Before Reading
Word
Global Reading
Detailed Reading
After Reading
Home
By the summer of 1942, Hitler had launched two new
offensives. In the south, the Germans captured Sevastopol.
Hitler then pushed east to Stalingrad, a great industrial city
Paraphrase the sentence.
that stretched for 48 kilometers along the Volga River. Despite
great suffering,
defenders refused to give up Stalingrad.
In Hitler’s Russian campaign,
the battle Soviet
for Stalingrad
was a turning point, from
German troops
In which
November
1942, the Russians launched a
became weak and was at a dilemma.
counterattack. With little or no shelter from the winter cold in
and around Stalingrad, German troops were further weakened
Close
by a lack of food and supplies.
Not until January 1943 did the
Germans give up their siege. Of the three hundred thousand
Germans attacking Stalingrad, only ninety thousand starving
soldiers were left. The loss of the battle for Stalingrad finally
turned the tide against Hitler. The German victories were over,
thanks in part to the Russian winter.
Sentence
Before Reading
Word
Global Reading
Detailed Reading
After Reading
Home
The Icy Defender
In 1812, Napoleon Bonaparte, Emperor of the French, led
his Grand Army into Russia. He was prepared for the fierce
resistance of the Russian people defending their homeland.
He was prepared for the long march across Russian soil to
Moscow, the capital city. But he was not prepared for the
devastating enemy that met him in Moscow--the raw, bitter,
bleak Russian winter.
In 1941, Adolf Hitler, leader of Nazi Germany, launched
an attack against the Soviet Union, as Russia then was
called. Hitler’s military might was unequaled.
Sentence
Before Reading
Word
Global Reading
Detailed Reading
After Reading
Home
His war machine had mowed down resistance in most of
Europe. Hitler expected a short campaign but, like Napoleon
before him, was taught a painful lesson. The Russian winter
again came to the aid of the Soviet soldiers.
Napoleon’s Campaign
In the spring of 1812, Napoleon
assembled an army of six hundred
thousand men on the borders of
Russia. The soldiers were well
trained, efficient, and well equipped.
This military force was called the
Grand Army. Napoleon, confident of a
quick victory, predicted the conquest
of Russia in five weeks.
Sentence
Before Reading
Word
Global Reading
Detailed Reading
After Reading
Home
Shortly afterwards, Napoleon’s army crossed the Neman
River into Russia. The quick, decisive victory that Napoleon
expected never happened. To his surprise, the Russians
refused to stand and fight. Instead, they retreated eastward,
burning their crops and homes as they went. The Grand Army
followed, but its advance march soon became bogged down
by slow-moving supply lines.
In August, the French and Russian armies engaged at
Smolensk, in a battle that left over ten thousand dead on each
side. Yet, the Russians were again able to retreat farther into
Russian territory. Napoleon had won no decisive victory.
Sentence
Before Reading
Word
Global Reading
Detailed Reading
After Reading
Home
He was now faced with a crucial decision. Should he
continue to pursue the Russian army? Or should he keep his
army in Smolensk for the approaching winter?
Napoleon took the gamble of pressing on to Moscow, 448
kilometers away. On September 7, 1812, the French and
Russian armies met in fierce battle at Borodino, 112
kilometers west of Moscow. By nightfall, thirty thousand
French and forty-four thousand Russians lay dead or
wounded on the battlefield.
Sentence
Before Reading
Word
Global Reading
Detailed Reading
After Reading
Home
Again, the Russian army retreated
to safety. Napoleon had a clear path
to Moscow, but the occupation of the
city became an empty victory. The
Russians fled their capital. Soon after
the French arrived, a raging fire
destroyed two-thirds of the city.
Napoleon offered a
truce
to
Alexander I, but the Russian czar knew he could bide his time:
“We shall let the Russian winter fight the war for us.”
Sentence
Before Reading
Word
Global Reading
Detailed Reading
After Reading
Home
Napoleon soon realized he could not feed, clothe, and
quarter his army in Moscow during the winter. In October
1812, he ordered his Grand Army to retreat from Moscow.
The French retreat turned into a nightmare. From fields
and forests, the Russians launched hit-and-run attacks on
the French. A short distance from Moscow, the temperature
had already dropped to minus 4 degrees Celsius. On
November 3, the winter’s first snow came. Exhausted horses
fell dead in their tracks. Cannon became stuck in the snow.
Equipment had to be burned for fuel. Soldiers took ill and
froze to death. The French soldiers dragged on, leaving the
dead along every mile.
Sentence
Before Reading
Word
Global Reading
Detailed Reading
After Reading
Home
As the Russian army was gathering its strength, the French
had to flee Russia to avoid certain defeat. At the Berezina
River, the Russians nearly
trapped the retreating French by
burning the bridges over the
swollen river. But Napoleon, by a
stroke of luck, was able to build
two new bridges. Thousands of
French soldiers escaped, but at
the cost of fifty thousand dead.
Once across the Berezina, the
tattered survivors limped toward
Vilna.
Sentence
Before Reading
Word
Global Reading
Detailed Reading
After Reading
Home
He planned to use the blitzkrieg , or “lightning war,” tactics
that had defeated the rest of Europe. The invasion had three
broad thrusts: against Leningrad and Moscow and through
the Ukraine.
Caught off guard by the invasion,
Soviet leader Joseph Stalin instructed
the Russian people to “scorch the
earth” in front of the German invaders.
Farms and factories were burned,
destroyed, or rendered useless.
During the first ten weeks of the invasion, the Germans
pushed the front eastward, and the Russians suffered more
than a million casualties.
Sentence
Before Reading
Word
Global Reading
Detailed Reading
After Reading
Home
As Hitler’s armies drew closer and closer to Moscow,
an early, severe winter settled over the Soviet Union, the
harshest in years. Temperatures
dropped to minus 48 degrees Celsius.
Heavy snows fell. The German
soldiers, completely unprepared for
the Russian winter, froze in their light
summer uniforms. The German tanks
lay buried in the heavy snowbanks.
The Russian winter brought the
German offensive to a halt.
Sentence
Before Reading
Word
Global Reading
Detailed Reading
After Reading
Home
By the summer of 1942, Hitler had launched two new
offensives. In the south, the Germans captured Sevastopol.
Hitler then pushed east to Stalingrad, a great industrial city
that stretched for 48 kilometers along the Volga River. Despite
great suffering, Soviet defenders refused to give up Stalingrad.
In November 1942, the Russians launched a
counterattack. With little or no shelter from the winter cold in
and around Stalingrad, German troops were further weakened
by a lack of food and supplies. Not until January 1943 did the
Germans give up their siege. Of the three hundred thousand
Germans attacking Stalingrad, only ninety thousand starving
soldiers were left. The loss of the battle for Stalingrad finally
turned the tide against Hitler. The German victories were over,
thanks in part to the Russian winter.
Sentence
Before Reading
Word
Global Reading
Detailed Reading
After Reading
Home
For Hitler, the invasion of the Soviet Union had turned
into a military disaster. For the Russian people, it brought
unspeakable suffering. The total Soviet dead in World War II
reached almost 23 million.
Russia’s Icy Defender
The elements of nature must be reckoned with in any
military campaign. Napoleon and Hitler both underestimated
the severity of the Russian winter. Snow, ice, and freezing
temperatures took their toll on both invading armies. For the
Russian people, the winter was an icy defender.
Sentence
Before Reading
Word
Global Reading
Detailed Reading
After Reading
Home
The Icy Defender
In 1812, Napoleon Bonaparte, Emperor of the French, led
hiscooked,
Grandrefined,
Armyprocessed,
into Russia. He was prepared for the fierce
raw: adj. cold and wet; not
organized or analyzed
resistance of the Russian people defending their homeland.
S
The event took placeHe
on awas
raw February
prepared for the long march across Russian soil to
morning.
Moscow, the capital city. But he was not prepared for the
S
这块砧板是专门用来切生肉的。
T
This cutting board is devastating
only used to cutenemy
raw meat.that met him in Moscow--the raw, bitter,
S
bleak
winter.
Raw materials are the
naturalRussian
substances
from which
industrial products are made.
In 1941, Adolf Hitler, leader of Nazi Germany, launched
an attack against the Soviet
Union, as Russia then was
Close
called. Hitler’s military might was unequaled.
Sentence
Before Reading
Word
Global Reading
Detailed Reading
After Reading
Home
The Icy Defender
In 1812, Napoleon Bonaparte, Emperor of the French, led
his Grand Army into Russia. He was prepared for the fierce
launch: vt.
1) start
resistance of the Russian people defending their homeland.
S
Beginning in the earlyHe
1960s,
humans
launched
to
was
prepared
forprobes
the long
march across Russian soil to
explore other planets.
Moscow, the capital city. But he was not prepared for the
S 这家电脑公司今年开始生产一种新产品。
devastating
enemy
met him in Moscow--the raw, bitter,
T This computer company
launches a new
productthat
this year.
2) send (sth.) on its course
bleak Russian winter.
T On October 4, 1957, Soviet
In 1941, Adolf Hitler, leader of Nazi Germany, launched
scientists launched the world’s
an called
attack against the Soviet Union, as Russia then was
first artificial satellite,
Sputnik.
called. Hitler’s military might
Close was unequaled.
Sentence
Before Reading
Word
Global Reading
Detailed Reading
After Reading
Home
The Icy Defender
In 1812, Napoleon Bonaparte, Emperor of the French, led
Collocation:
his Grand Army into Russia. He was prepared for the fierce
发动进攻
launch an attack
resistance
of the Russian people defending their homeland.
launch a massive campaign
发动一场大规模的运动
He was 开一家公司
prepared for the long march across Russian soil to
launch a company
launch threats at sb.
Moscow,向某人发出威胁
the capital city. But he was not prepared for the
（积极有力地）开始
launch into
devastating
enemy that met him in Moscow--the raw, bitter,
（精力充沛或戏剧性地）开始
launch out
S He launched into a long speech about the danger of taking
bleak Russian winter.
drugs.
T 他开始作关于吸毒危险性的长篇演说。
In 1941, Adolf Hitler, leader of Nazi Germany, launched
S
She wants to be morean
thanattack
a singer against
and is launching
out
the Soviet
Union, as Russia then was
into films.
called. Hitler’s military might
T
Close was unequaled.
她不仅仅是想当一名歌手，而且正在积极涉足电影界。
Sentence
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His war machine had mowed down resistance in most of
Europe. Hitler expected a short campaign but, like Napoleon
before him, was taught a painful lesson. The Russian winter
campaign: n. a series of military operations or planned activities
againaim
came to the aid of the Soviet soldiers.
with a particular
Napoleon’s Campaign
The government is launching a massive campaign
against corruption.In the spring of 1812, Napoleon
assembled an army of six hundred
S 在我们城市开展的灭鼠运动开端良好。
thousand men on the borders of
T The campaign against rats in our city got off to a good start.
Russia. The soldiers were well
trained, efficient, and well equipped.
This military force wasClose
called the
Grand Army. Napoleon, confident of a
quick victory, predicted the conquest
of Russia in five weeks.
Sentence
Before Reading
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His war machine had mowed down resistance in most of
Europe. Hitler expected a short campaign but, like Napoleon
before him, was taught a painful lesson. The Russian winter
again
came
to thewaste
aid of the Soviet soldiers.
efficient: adj. working well,
quickly
and without
Campaign
S
To cut back on fossil fuels, we should Napoleon’s
build more
efficient cars.
In the spring of 1812, Napoleon
S 雇佣未受良好训练的工人效果是不会好的。
assembled an army of six hundred
T It is not efficient to hire
thousand
men
on the borders of
poorly trained
workers.
Russia. The soldiers were well
trained, efficient, and well
equipped.
Close
This military force was called the
Grand Army. Napoleon, confident of a
quick victory, predicted the conquest
of Russia in five weeks.
Sentence
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His war machine had mowed down resistance in most of
Europe. Hitler expected a short campaign but, like Napoleon
before him, was taught a painful lesson. The Russian winter
conquest: n. conquering,again
defeatcame to the aid of the Soviet soldiers.
Napoleon’s Campaign
S
1939年德国征服了波兰。
In the spring of 1812, Napoleon
assembled
T
The year 1939 had witnessed
the an army of six hundred
conquest of Poland by
Germany. men on the borders of
thousand
Russia. The soldiers were well
S
trained,
Hitler badly miscalculated
whenefficient, and well equipped.
II ■
he assumed the conquest
the
This ofmilitary
force
was called the
USSR would be simple.
Grand Army. Napoleon, confident
of a
Close
quick victory, predicted the conquest
of Russia in five weeks.
Sentence
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Shortly afterwards, Napoleon’s army crossed the Neman
River into Russia. The quick, decisive victory that Napoleon
expected never happened. To his surprise, the Russians
retreat: v. move back or
withdraw to
when
faced and
with danger
refused
stand
fight.orInstead, they retreated eastward,
difficulty
burning
their
crops
and homes as they went. The Grand Army
S
After a fierce battle,
the troops
retreated
southward.
followed, but its advance march soon became bogged down
我们采取如下策略：敌进我退，敌退我追。
S
by slow-moving supply lines.
T We adopted the following strategies: When the enemy
In August,
French and Russian armies engaged at
advances, we retreat; when
they retreat,the
we pursue.
in a battle that left over ten thousand dead on each
advance，例如：
NB: retreat 的反义词是Smolensk,
to advance against
(on, Yet,
to, toward)
朝…前进
side.
the Russians
were again able to retreat farther into
to retreat from
从…撤退
Russian territory.
Napoleon had won no decisive victory.
to retreat to
撤退到
Close
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Shortly afterwards, Napoleon’s army crossed the Neman
River into Russia. The quick, decisive victory that Napoleon
expected never happened. To his surprise, the Russians
engage: vt.
refused to stand and fight. Instead, they retreated eastward,
1) begin fighting with sb.
burning
their crops
andthehomes as they went. The Grand Army
S
The commander ordered
the soldiers
to engage
enemy immediately.followed, but its advance march soon became bogged down
S 他们与敌人交战。
by slow-moving supply lines.
T They engaged the enemy.
In August, the French and Russian armies engaged at
2) draw into; involve
S
We tried to engageSmolensk,
him in our conversation,
butthat
in vain.
in a battle
left over ten thousand dead on each
3) attract sb.’s interest
side. Yet, the Russians were again able to retreat farther into
S
We failed to engage any active support for our project.
Russian territory. Napoleon had won no decisive victory.
S 他善良的性情吸引每个人。
T
His good nature engages everyone.
Sentence
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Shortly afterwards, Napoleon’s army crossed the Neman
River into Russia. The quick, decisive victory that Napoleon
expected never happened. To his surprise, the Russians
4) occupy
refused to stand and fight. Instead, they retreated eastward,
S
Studying engages most of a serious student’s time.
burning their crops and homes as they went. The Grand Army
工作占去她很多时间。
S
followed, but its advance march soon became bogged down
T Work engages much of her time.
by slow-moving supply lines.
Pattern：engage (sb.) in sth.: (cause to) take part in sth.
In August, the French and Russian armies engaged at
S They are currently engaged in lengthy trade negotiations.
Smolensk, in a battle that left over ten thousand dead on each
S The teacher tried to engage the shy boy in conversation.
side. Yet, the Russians were again able to retreat farther into
Collocation:
使聘为… territory. Napoleon had won no decisive victory.
engage as
Russian
engage in
engage with
从事；使参加
与…啮合
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He was now faced with a crucial decision. Should he
continue to pursue the Russian army? Or should he keep his
be faced with: have to deal
with
army
in Smolensk for the approaching winter?
S The librarians were faced with the
took the gamble of pressing on to Moscow, 448
huge task of listing all theNapoleon
books.
kilometers away. On September 7, 1812, the French and
Russian armies met in fierce battle at Borodino, 112
We were faced with an exceptionally
difficult situation.
kilometers west of Moscow. By nightfall, thirty thousand
French and forty-four thousand Russians lay dead or
wounded on the battlefield.
Close
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He was now faced with a crucial decision. Should he
crucial: adj. very important
(followedto
bypursue
to)
continue
the Russian army? Or should he keep his
S
Amazingly, our soccer
teamin
won
the victory in
army
Smolensk
forthethe approaching winter?
crucial final game.
Napoleon took the gamble of pressing on to Moscow, 448
S
增强消费者信心是经济复苏的关键。
T
Improved consumerkilometers
confidence isaway.
crucial On
to economic
September 7, 1812, the French and
recovery.
crucial, critical & Russian
decisive
armies met in fierce battle at Borodino, 112
CF:
这三个词都是形容词，都有“紧要的、紧迫的、重要的”之意。
kilometers west of Moscow. By nightfall, thirty thousand
crucial 意为“决定性的、极重要的”，指对关键性事物不断增长的缺乏
或
French and forty-four thousand Russians lay dead or
需求，紧急情况或危急转折关头。例如：
S
We must pay attention to this crucial test.
wounded on the battlefield.
T
我们必须重视这次决定性的试验。
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He was now faced with a crucial decision. Should he
CF: crucial, critical & decisive
continue to pursue the Russian army? Or should he keep his
critical 意为“决定性的”，
与crucial
相似，但表示对缺乏程度更精确
army
in Smolensk
for the approaching winter?
的
took the gamble of pressing on to Moscow, 448
估计。在转折关头时比Napoleon
crucial表现出更大的严重性。例如：
S
The patient’s condition
is critical. away. On September 7, 1812, the French and
kilometers
T
病人情况危急。
Russian armies met in fierce battle at Borodino, 112
decisive 意思是“决定性的、果断的”，具有重要、特殊或决定性效果
kilometers west of Moscow. By nightfall, thirty thousand
。
例如：
S
Our air forces were decisive
the war.
Frenchin winning
and forty-four
thousand Russians lay dead or
T
我们的空军对打赢这场战争有决定性的贡献。
wounded on the battlefield.
Close
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He was now faced with a crucial decision. Should he
continue to pursue the Russian army? Or should he keep his
take a gamble: take a risk
army in Smolensk for the approaching winter?
S
The company took a gamble
by cutting
the price
their
Napoleon
took
the of
gamble
of pressing on to Moscow, 448
products, and it paid off.
kilometers away. On September 7, 1812, the French and
I think she’s taking a gamble investing all her money
Russian armies met in fierce battle at Borodino, 112
in stocks.
kilometers west of Moscow. By nightfall, thirty thousand
Close
French and forty-four thousand Russians lay dead or
wounded on the battlefield.
Sentence
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He was now faced with a crucial decision. Should he
continue to pursue the Russian army? Or should he keep his
press on/ahead: continue doing sth. in a determined way
army in Smolensk for the approaching winter?
(used in the pattern: press on/ahead (with sth.))
Napoleon took the gamble of pressing on to Moscow, 448
S
Our school authorities are keen to press on with
educational reform. kilometers away. On September 7, 1812, the French and
Russian
armies met in fierce battle at Borodino, 112
S
Organizers of the strike
are
determined to press on.
kilometers west of Moscow. By nightfall, thirty thousand
French and forty-four thousand Russians lay dead or
wounded on the battlefield.
Close
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Again, the Russian army retreated
to safety. Napoleon had a clear path
to Moscow,
but the occupation of the
bide one’s time: wait patiently
for a chance
ananempty
S His political rivals arecity
bidingbecame
their time for
attack onvictory. The
his policies.
Russians fled their capital. Soon after
S He bided his time until Harvard University offered him a
the French arrived, a raging fire
professorship.
destroyed two-thirds of the city.
Napoleon offered a Close
truce
to
Alexander I, but the Russian czar knew he could bide his time:
“We shall let the Russian winter fight the war for us.”
Sentence
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Napoleon soon realized he could not feed, clothe, and
quarter his army in Moscow during the winter. In October
minus: prep. below zero; made less by; slightly lower than
the mark 1812,
stated he ordered his Grand Army to retreat from Moscow.
S Tomorrow’s temperature will
be as
low as minus
ten turned into a nightmare. From fields
The
French
retreat
degrees centigrade.
and forests, the Russians launched hit-and-run attacks on
S 20 minus 10 is 10.
the French. A short distance from Moscow, the temperature
S 我在期末考试中得了B减。
had already dropped to minus 4 degrees Celsius. On
T I got B minus in the final examination.
November 3, the winter’s first snow came. Exhausted horses
NB: 1) minus 的反义词是plus（加上）。例如：3
fell dead in their
Cannon became stuck in the snow.
plustracks.
6 is 9.
2) minus 还可以作形容词，意为“负的；减去的”。例如：a minus
Equipment
had to be burned for fuel. Soldiers took ill and
quantity 负数；minus
electricity 负电。此外，minus还可用作名
词，意为“负号， 减号；负数”。
froze to death. The French soldiers dragged on, leaving the
dead along every mile.
Close
Sentence
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Napoleon soon realized he could not feed, clothe, and
quarter his army in Moscow during the winter. In October
1812, he ordered his Grand Army to retreat from Moscow.
drag on: move slowly and with effort; continue endlessly and
The French retreat turned into a nightmare. From fields
tediously
S These compensation cases
have already
on for launched hit-and-run attacks on
and forests,
thedragged
Russians
one year.
the French. A short distance from Moscow, the temperature
S 这个会还要拖多久？
had already dropped to minus 4 degrees Celsius. On
T How much longer is the meeting going
November 3, the winter’s first snow came. Exhausted horses
to drag on?
fell dead in their tracks. Cannon became stuck in the snow.
Equipment had to be burned for fuel. Soldiers took ill and
froze to death. The French soldiers dragged on, leaving the
dead along every mile. Close
Sentence
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As the Russian army was gathering its strength, the French
had to flee Russia to avoid certain defeat. At the Berezina
River, the Russians nearly
at the cost of: with the loss of
trapped the retreating French by
developed its
economy
but at the
S The local governmentburning
the
bridges
over the
cost of environment.
swollen river. But Napoleon, by a
S 比尔为救约翰付出了自己的生命。
stroke of luck, was able to build
T Bill saved John at the cost of his own life.
two new bridges. Thousands of
Collocation:
French soldiers escaped, but at
不惜任何代价
at any cost
the
cost of fifty thousand dead.
不惜一切代价
at all costs
不需花代价
at no cost
Close the
Once
across the Berezina,
tattered survivors limped toward
Vilna.
Sentence
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As the Russian army was gathering its strength, the French
had to flee Russia to avoid certain defeat. At the Berezina
River, the Russians nearly
limp:
retreating
French by
1. vi. walk with difficulty,trapped
esp. when the
one foot
or leg is hurt
S That dog must be hurtburning
– it’s limping.
the bridges over the
S I injured my ankle andswollen
had to limp.
river. But Napoleon, by a
S 他一瘸一拐地走出足球场。
stroke of luck, was able to build
T He limped off the football
twofield.
new bridges. Thousands of
2. adj. lacking or having French
lost rigidity,soldiers
as of structure
or substance;
escaped,
but at
lacking strength or firmness; weak or spiritless
the cost of fifty thousand dead.
S a limp handshake
Once across the Berezina, the
T 无力的握手
S limp opposition
tattered survivors limped toward
T 微弱的反抗
Vilna.
Close
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He planned to use the blitzkrieg , or “lightning war,” tactics
that had defeated the rest of Europe. The invasion had three
broad thrusts: against Leningrad and Moscow and through
thebyUkraine.
catch sb. off guard: take sb.
surprise
S
Caught
The invitation to his wedding
caught off guard by the invasion,
me off guard.
Soviet leader Joseph Stalin instructed
The manager didn’t know
to say. It
thewhat
Russian
was clear that my question had caught
earth” in front
him off guard.
people to “scorch the
of the German invaders.
Farms and factories were burned,
destroyed, or rendered useless.
Close
During the first ten weeks of the invasion, the Germans
pushed the front eastward, and the Russians suffered more
than a million casualties.
Sentence
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He planned to use the blitzkrieg , or “lightning war,” tactics
that had defeated the rest of Europe. The invasion had three
broad thrusts: against Leningrad and Moscow and through
instruct: vt.
1) give orders or directions
(sb.)
thetoUkraine.
S
S
The family has instructed solicitors to sue Thomson for
Caught off guard by the invasion,
compensation.
Soviet
leader
Stalin
instructed
The professor instructed
us that
we hadJoseph
one month
to
conduct the project. the Russian people to “scorch the
我奉命在这里等老师来。
earth” in front of the German invaders.
I’ve been instructed to wait here until the teacher arrives.
Farms and factories were burned,
Pattern:
or rendered useless.
instruct sb. to dodestroyed,
sth.
instruct sb. that During the first ten weeks of the invasion, the Germans
instruct sb. with quote
Closeand the Russians suffered more
pushed the front eastward,
than a million casualties.
S
T
Sentence
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He planned to use the blitzkrieg , or “lightning war,” tactics
that had defeated the rest of Europe. The invasion had three
2) teach (sb.)
broad thrusts: against Leningrad and Moscow and through
S He instructed family members in nursing techniques.
the Ukraine.
S
他们教给了我做这项工作的最好办法。
Caught off guard by the invasion,
They instructed me in the best ways of doing the job.
Soviet leader Joseph Stalin instructed
Pattern: instruct sb. in/on sth.
the Russian people to “scorch the
CF: instruct, direct & order
这几个词都是动词，都有“吩咐、命令”之意。
earth” in front of the German invaders.
instruct 指向人下命令或指示、指导等，还可指交待。例如：
Farms and factories were burned,
S He was instructed to represent the Government.
destroyed, or rendered useless.
T 他奉命代表政府。
S He hasn’t instructedDuring
us where the
to go.first ten weeks of the invasion, the Germans
T 他还没指示我们去哪里。
pushed the front eastward,
and the Russians suffered more
Close
than a million casualties.
T
Sentence
Before Reading
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He planned to use the blitzkrieg , or “lightning war,” tactics
that had defeated the rest of Europe. The invasion had three
broad thrusts: against Leningrad and Moscow and through
CF: instruct, direct & order
direct 一般指上级对下级进行的指示、命令等，对采取的行动有准确
the Ukraine.
说明。例如：
Caught off guard by the invasion,
Soviet leader Joseph Stalin instructed
T 厂主下令关厂。
Russian
S The officer directed the
them to
advance. people to “scorch the
T 军官命令他们前进。
earth” in front of the German invaders.
order 是普通用语，往往带有强制性，语气较强。
例如：
Farms and factories
were burned,
S He ordered the enemy to lay down their arms.
destroyed, or rendered useless.
T 他命令敌人放下武器。
During
the first
ten weeks of the invasion, the Germans
S The policeman ordered
the motorist
to stop.
T
警察命令驾驶者停车。 pushed the front eastward, and the Russians suffered more
Close
than a million casualties.
S
The owners directed that the factory be closed.
Sentence
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He planned to use the blitzkrieg , or “lightning war,” tactics
that had defeated the rest of Europe. The invasion had three
render: vt. cause (sb./sth.) to be in a specified condition
broad thrusts: against Leningrad and Moscow and through
(same as make)
the
Ukraine.
S The drug will render the
tiger
harmless for up to two hours.
He was rendered unconscious
by a blow
on the back
Caught
off guard
by ofthe
the neck.
invasion,
Soviet leader Joseph Stalin instructed
S 地震导致成百上千的人无家可归。
the Russian people to “scorch the
T Hundreds
of people were
in front of the German invaders.
rendered homeless earth”
by the
earthquake.
Farms and factories were burned,
Collocation:
destroyed, or rendered useless.
render into
译成(某种语言)
render up
做(祷告);
During放弃,
the
交出first ten weeks of the invasion, the Germans
render blow for blow
以牙还牙
pushed the front eastward, and the Russians suffered more
render good for evil
以德报怨
Close
than a million casualties.
S
Sentence
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He planned to use the blitzkrieg , or “lightning war,” tactics
that had defeated the rest of Europe. The invasion had three
broad thrusts: against Leningrad and Moscow and through
Ukraine.
casualty: n. a person whothe
is killed
or injured in war or in an
accident
S
Caught off guard by the invasion,
First reports of the traffic accident tell of more than 50
Soviet leader Joseph Stalin instructed
casualties.
the Russian people to “scorch the
The precise number of casualties in yesterday’s
in front of the German invaders.
bomb explosionearth”
is not known.
Farms and factories were burned,
Close
destroyed, or rendered
useless.
During the first ten weeks of the invasion, the Germans
pushed the front eastward, and the Russians suffered more
than a million casualties.
Sentence
Before Reading
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S
S
T
As Hitler’s armies drew closer and closer to Moscow,
an early, severe winter settled over the Soviet Union, the
harshest in years. Temperatures
bring to a halt: stop completely
dropped
to minus
48bydegrees
Celsius.
Air traffic in Poland had
been brought
to a halt
an air
traffic controllers’ strike.
Heavy snows fell. The German
我们的旅行因风暴而终止。
soldiers, completely unprepared for
Our journey was brought to a halt by a storm.
the Russian winter, froze in their light
summer uniforms. The German tanks
Close
lay buried in the heavy snowbanks.
The Russian winter brought the
German offensive to a halt.
Sentence
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By the summer of 1942, Hitler had launched two new
offensives. In the south, the Germans captured Sevastopol.
Hitler then pushed east to Stalingrad, a great industrial city
offensive:
1. n. aggressive action,that
attack
stretched for 48 kilometers along the Volga River. Despite
S The Red Army broughtgreat
its winter
offensive to
a successful
suffering,
Soviet
defenders refused to give up Stalingrad.
conclusion.
In November 1942, the Russians launched a
S 红军发动大规模的军事攻击。
counterattack. With little or no shelter from the winter cold in
and around Stalingrad, German troops were further weakened
T The Red Army led a massive
military offensive.
by a lack of food and supplies. Not until January 1943 did the
Germans give up their siege. Of the three hundred thousand
Collocation:
Germans attacking Stalingrad, only ninety thousand starving
launch/mount an offensive
soldiers发动进攻
were left. The loss of the battle for Stalingrad finally
进攻
carry out/undertake an offensive
turned the tide against Hitler. The German victories were over,
Close
thanks in part to the Russian
winter.
Sentence
Before Reading
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After Reading
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By the summer of 1942, Hitler had launched two new
offensives. In the south, the Germans captured Sevastopol.
Hitler then pushed east to Stalingrad, a great industrial city
Collocation:
that stretched for
48 kilometers along the Volga River. Despite
处于攻势
on the offensive
great
Soviet defenders refused to give up Stalingrad.
assume/go on/go over/take
thesuffering,
offensive 进攻，采取攻势
Inthe offensive.
November 1942, the Russians launched a
S If all else fails, I’ll go over to
counterattack. With little or no shelter from the winter cold in
T
如果其他方法都失败，那我将采取攻势。
and around Stalingrad, German troops were further weakened
a lack
of food
and supplies. Not until January 1943 did the
2. adj. of or about attack;by
causing
offense;
unpleasant
Germans give up their siege. Of the three hundred thousand
S 这支进攻的军队很快地赢得了阵地。
Germans attacking Stalingrad, only ninety thousand starving
T The offensive troops gained ground quickly.
soldiers were left. The loss of the battle for Stalingrad finally
S My neighbor is really an offensive person. He always plays
turned
The German victories were over,
the piano deep into the
night. the tide against Hitler.
Close
thanks in part to the Russian winter.
Sentence
Before Reading
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After Reading
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By the summer of 1942, Hitler had launched two new
offensives. In the south, the Germans captured Sevastopol.
Hitler then pushed east to Stalingrad, a great industrial city
thanks to: because of that stretched for 48 kilometers along the Volga River. Despite
suffering,
Soviet
defenders
S Thanks to her financialgreat
support,
the two children
in the
remote refused to give up Stalingrad.
village could go to school. In
November 1942, the Russians launched a
With was
littlea great
or no shelter from the winter cold in
S Thanks to their tirelesscounterattack.
efforts, the performance
success.
and around Stalingrad, German troops were further weakened
by a lack of food and supplies. Not until January 1943 did the
Germans give up their siege. Of the three hundred thousand
Close
Germans attacking Stalingrad,
only ninety thousand starving
soldiers were left. The loss of the battle for Stalingrad finally
turned the tide against Hitler. The German victories were over,
thanks in part to the Russian winter.
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For Hitler, the invasion of the Soviet Union had turned
into a military disaster. For the Russian people, it brought
unspeakable
reckon: v. count; consider;
think
suffering. The total Soviet dead in World War II
S
The existence of the U.S.
is reckoned
from23
themillion.
Declaration
reached
almost
of Independence.
S
许多人认为他是一位伟大的篮球运动员。
T
Many people reckon him to be a great
basketball player.
military campaign.
The elements of nature must be reckoned with in any
NB: 常用的搭配 be reckoned with意为 be
the severity
taken into consideration
S
Russia’s Icy Defender
Napoleon and Hitler both underestimated
of the Russian winter. Snow, ice, and freezing
temperatures
All these problems had
to be reckoned
with as they arose.
took their toll on both invading armies. For the
Russian people, the winter was an icy defender.
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For Hitler, the invasion of the Soviet Union had turned
into a military disaster. For the Russian people, it brought
CF:
reckon, regard, consider & count
unspeakable suffering. The total Soviet dead in World War II
这几个词都是动词，都有“认为”之意。
reckon 用来指对事件全面权衡，在有些非正式的行文中，也用
reached almost 23 million.
来表示建议或想法。后面接宾语从句或复合宾语（和as
Russia’s
连用，但在被动语态中也常不带as）。例如：
S
I reckon it’s time to go.
S
They reckon the book as one of his best works.
T
他们认为这本书是他最优秀的作品之一。
Icy Defender
T 我认为该走了。
The
elements of nature must be reckoned with in any
military campaign. Napoleon and Hitler both underestimated
the severity of the Russian winter. Snow, ice, and freezing
regard 源自法语，意为看、观察，因此，该词更多地通过对事物外表的评
价或视觉感观反映出这一本义。
注意其后一定要用as。例如：
temperatures
took their toll on
S
He is generally regarded as an authority on ancient bronzes.
T
一般把他看作是古铜器研究的权威。
both invading armies. For the
Russian people, the winter was an icy defender.
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For Hitler, the invasion of the Soviet Union had turned
into a military disaster. For the Russian people, it brought
CF:
unspeakable
reckon, regard, consider
& count
suffering. The total Soviet dead in World War II
consider 表示经过深思熟虑或亲身经历之后而相信或确认。其宾语后面
reached almost 23 million.
的补足语可以是名词或形容词。例如：
Russia’s Icy Defender
S
I consider him a good musician.
T
我认为他是一个优秀的音乐家。
The
S
They always considered themselves very important.
T
他们总以为自己很了不起。
elements of nature must be reckoned with in any
military campaign. Napoleon and Hitler both underestimated
the severity of the as。
Russian
count 表示看法多侧重于一种判断。注意其宾语后面不用
例如：
S
T
temperatures
tookyourself
their toll
After such a bad accident
you should count
lucky you’re alive.
winter. Snow, ice, and freezing
on both invading armies. For the
Russian people, the winter was an icy defender.
遭此严重的意外你还能活下来，该感到很幸运了。
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For Hitler, the invasion of the Soviet Union had turned
into a military disaster. For the Russian people, it brought
toll:
unspeakable suffering. The total Soviet dead in World War II
1. n.
reached
million.
1) the number of people
or animalsalmost
killed or 23
injured
in
particular circumstances
Russia’s Icy Defender
S
The death toll rose from 270 in 1952 to 5,000 in1954.
elements
2) money paid for the use ofThe
a bridge,
road, etc.of nature must be reckoned with in any
S
Each car must pay a military
toll to cross
the bridge. Napoleon and Hitler both underestimated
campaign.
Collocation:
征收（道路、桥梁等的）通行费
charge/exact/impose a the
toll severity
of the Russian winter. Snow, ice, and freezing
levy toll on sb.
war toll
向某人收费（或征税）
temperatures
took their toll on both invading armies. For the
战争伤亡人数
Russian people, the winter was an icy defender.
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For Hitler, the invasion of the Soviet Union had turned
into a military disaster. For the Russian people, it brought
Collocation:
take a heavy toll
unspeakable suffering. The total Soviet dead in World War II
造成重大伤亡（或损失）
reached almost 23 million.
S
The earthquake took a heavy toll on several villages.
T
这次地震给几个村庄造成重大损失。
Russia’s Icy Defender
The elements of nature must be reckoned with in any
造成损失（或危害、伤亡等）
take a/its toll
S The flood took a toll of 3,000,000 lives.
military campaign. Napoleon and Hitler both underestimated
T
洪水造成三百万人死亡。
the severity of the Russian winter. Snow, ice, and freezing
2. v. sound (a large bell) slowly at
temperatures
regular intervals
S
took their toll on both invading armies. For the
Bells were tolled all over
the country
at the the
Russian
people,
President’s death.
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winter was an icy defender.
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After Reading
1. Useful Expressions
2. Spot Dictation
3. Blank Filling
4. Discussion
5. Talk about the Pictures
6. Proverbs and Quotations
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Useful Expressions
1. 骄兵必败
pride comes before a fall
2. 战无不胜
nothing could stand in their way
3. 奋勇抵抗
fierce resistance
4. 堪称无敌
be unequaled
5. 痛苦的教训
a painful lesson
6. 速决速胜
a quick, decisive victory
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Useful Expressions
7. 面临着一个重要抉择
be faced with a crucial decision
8. 孤注一掷
take the gamble
9. 激战
fierce battle
10. 等待时机
bide one’s time
11. 向…提出停战
offer a truce to
12. 成为一场噩梦
turn into a nightmare
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Useful Expressions
13. 拖着脚步行进
drag on
14. 溃不成军的幸存者
the tattered survivors
15. 不宣而战
without a declaration of war
lightning war
16. 闪电式战略
17. “焦土”政策
“scorch the earth”
18. 处境变得危急
the situation becomes desperate
19. 食品匮乏
food runs out
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Useful Expressions
20. 耐得住寂寞
a tolerance for solitude
21. 自给自足
self-sufficiency
22. 抵制诱惑
resist the temptation to do sth.
23. 怆然离去
leave with a feeling of sorrow
24. 自豪感
a sense of pride
25. 一旦经济形势好转
once economic conditions improve
26. 赚钱
earn money
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Spot Dictation
In the spring of 1812, Napoleon _________
assembled an army of six
hundred thousand men on the borders of Russia. The soldiers
were well trained, ________
efficient , and well equipped. Shortly
afterwards, Napoleon’s army crossed the Neman River into
Russia. In August, the French and Russian armies engaged
_______at
Smolensk, in a battle that left over ten thousand dead on each
side. Napoleon _______________
took the gamble of pressing on to Moscow,
448 kilometers away. On September 7, 1812, the French and
Russian armies met in fierce battle at Borodino, 112
kilometers west of Moscow. Again, the Russian army
retreated to safety. Napoleon had a clear path to Moscow, but
occupation of the city became an empty victory.
the_________
II
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Spot Dictation
Napoleon soon realized he could not feed, clothe, and
quarter
______ his army in Moscow during the winter. In October
1812, he ordered his Grand Army to retreat from Moscow. At
the Berezina River, the Russians nearly trapped the
swollen
retreating French by burning the bridges over the _________
river. But Napoleon, by a stroke of luck, was able to build two
new bridges. Thousands of French soldiers escaped, but at
the cost of fifty thousand dead. Once across the Berezina,
______ survivors limped toward Vilna.
the tattered
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Blank Filling
Fill in each blank in the following paragraph with the appropriate
words and phrases from the text.
invasion of
When Hitler decided to launch his __________
_____________
in the way
Russia, he thought that nothing could stand
Conquest , it seemed, was inevitable. He
of his armies. ________
_______ Stalin ___________
off his guard
had surprise on his side, catching
by launching
declaration of war. Hitler
________ his attack without a _________
campaign to last only a few months. In the
expected the _________
event, it was to drag
_______
on for much longer. Like Napoleon
_____
before him, he had made a fatal mistake in failing to reckon
___ the severity of the Russian weather. Many German
with
soldiers were to _______
die from the cold as winter set in,
_______
bringing the German advance _______
to a halt ．
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Discussion
Translate the following Napoleon’s quotations and discuss
his characters with your partner.
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The man who has made up his mind to win will never say
“impossible”.
凡是决心取得胜利的人是从来不说“不可能的”。
I succeeded because I willed it; I never hesitated.
我成功是因为我有决心，从不踌躇。
To really understand a man we must judge him in misfortune.
要真正了解一个人，需在不幸中考察他。
He who fears being conquered is sure of defeat.
怕吃败仗的人必然要打败仗。
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If you wage war, do it energetically and with severity. This is
the only way to make it shorter, and consequently less
inhuman.
如果打仗，就要毫不留情地全力去打。这是缩短战争的唯一方法，
因而也可以减少战争的残酷。
There is a moment in every battle at which the least
maneuver is decisive and gives superiority as one drop of
water causes overflow.
在每一场战争中，都有那么一刻，运用一点策略就是决定性的并带
来优势，正如加一滴水就可以促成溢流一般。
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Proverbs and Quotations
1. An army marches on its stomach.
兵马未动，粮草先行。
2. He that forecasts all perils, will never sail the sea.
担惊受怕者航不了海。/ 懦者事之贼。
3. Either by might or by sleight.
不动武，就斗智。
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Proverbs and Quotations
4. All delays are dangerous in war.
-- John Drydon, British poet
在战争中，任何拖延都是危险的。
-- 英国诗人 J. 德莱顿
5. In war, whichever side may call itself the victor, there are
no winners, but all are losers.
-- Nerille Chamberlain, British prime minister
战争中只有输家，没有赢家，尽管双方不论哪一方均可能自称为胜利
者。
-- 英国首相 N. 张伯伦
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