Transcript August 6, 1945.

The Rise of
Dictators
Benito Mussolini 1883-1945
Il Duce
• First Fascist Dictator
• Italy- in political and economic crisis
• had support of middle class seeking
stability
• 1922- march on Rome- Victor Emmanuel
made him PM
• Could legislate by decree, police state
Mussolini
Adolph Hitler 1889-1945
Der Fuhrer
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
born in Austria-early life in Vienna
core of beliefs- anti-Semitic
wrote “Mein Kampf” in jail in 20’s
built Nazi party on dissatisfaction
won over elite and establishment
fear of communistsbecame chancellor
On your own copy
of this picture,
add labels to
explain what the
cartoonist
suggests Hitler is
doing?
Who are the other
people in this
picture and what
does the
cartoonist think of
them?
January 1933: Hitler became Chancellor of Germany
Hitler soon ordered a programme of rearming Germany
Hitler visits a factory and is enthusiastically greeted. Many
Germans were grateful for jobs after the misery of he
depression years.
March 1938: Nazi Germany annexed Austria
Again, this went
against the terms of
the Treaty of Versailles
which banned
Germany from uniting
with Austria.
However, the arrival of
German troops was
met with great
enthusiasm by many
Austrian people.
March 1939: Germany invaded Czechoslovakia
Hitler had ordered the
occupation of a part of
Czechoslovakia known as the
Sudetenland (in October
1938). Many hoped that that
this would be the last conquest
of the Nazis.
However, in March 1939, he
ordered his troops to take over
the remainder of
Czechoslovakia. This was the
first aggressive step that
suggested that a war in
Europe would soon begin.
The Holocaust- the plan to
eliminate the opposition
• Concentration Camps become death
Camps (more than 100 of these)
• Brought Jews and any in opposition from
all over Europe (Denmark the exception)
• Labor Camps- Arbeit Mach Frei
• killed two out of every 3 Jews- 6 mil
• Another 9-10 mil more
Joseph Stalin and the USSR
Communist State
• oppression of the masses
• ownership of production and land by the
state
• forced rapid industrialization
• Purged away dissatisfied Russians
The Japanese Empire.
• Japan had a severe lack of natural
resources.
• Nearby Manchuria had plenty of coal, plus
industries and ports.
• China had already been carved up by the
Western powers. Why shouldn’t Japan do
the same?.
Japanese occupation of China.
•
•
•
•
By 1938 There were 1 million Japanese troops in China.
By 1941 2 million troops- but this was still not enough.
Japan could occupy only key areas and cities.
Out of fear they adopted The ‘Three All Campaign’ (‘Kill
all, burn all, destroy all’)
• She simply didn’t have enough soldiers however.
• By 1945 4 million Chinese people had died and 60
million had been displaced.
• Many Chinese cities lay in ruins.
A baby
caught up in
the bombing
of a
Shanghai
railway
station
Imperial Japanese
expansion up to 1941
(in brown)
The world at war
• If people knew that dictators were a
problem why did they not do anything?
Policies of “Appeasement”
1. Appeasement: give dictators what they want and hope
that they won’t want anything else
2. Begins with Japanese invasion of Manchuria, Italian
invasion of Ethiopia, and continues with Hitler . . .
August 1939: Germany and Russia signed a non-aggression pact
Hitler and Stalin (the Russian
leader) signed a ‘nonaggression pact’.
They promised that neither
country would attack the other
in the event of war.
As part of the deal, Hitler
promised Stalin part of Poland,
which he planned to invade
soon.
This photo shows the Russian foreign minister
signing the pact, whilst Stalin stands smiling in
the background
Stalin
Hitler
The non-aggression pact was surprising. Hitler and Stalin were seen as natural
enemies.
When Hitler talked of taking over new land for Germany, many thought that he meant
Russia.
Hitler also hated Communism, the form of government in Russia
September 1939: Germany invaded Poland
The Pact with
Russia allowed
Germany to march
into Poland without
fear of an attack
from Russia.
On 3rd September
1939, Germany
invaded Poland and
started a War with
Britain and France.
German troops marching
into Warsaw, the capital
of Poland.
Germany’s Attack in Europe
• Denmark, Holland
• Norway (Quisling)
• Belgium and France
• Britain
– PM Winston Churchill
“...We shall not flag or fail. We shall go
on to the end...We shall fight in the seas
and oceans...We shall fight on the
beaches, we shall fight on the landinggrounds, we shall fight in the fields and in
the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we
shall never surrender...”
— Winston Churchill
Germany’s Attack in Europe
• Balkans
• Russia
• US isolation
Germany’s Attack in Europe
• Polish invasion
– Sept. 1, 1939
– Blitzkrieg
7th December 1941-the ‘day of
infamy’.
The Japanese launch a surprise
attack.
The US fleet lies destroyed.
Unfortunately the Japanese destroyed
battleships, but no US aircraft carriers.
They also failed to either destroy or
capture the harbour.
Allies
(major powers)
Axis
(major powers)
Great Britain
Germany
Russia
Italy
United States
Japan
France
(note: France surrendered to Germany
in 1940 (after 6 weeks of fighting)
Maximum Axis Control (Sept 1942)
• During the German siege of
Leningrad, over one million
Soviets were killed.
Allied Counterattacks in
Europe
• Soviets are
fighting
• North Africa
• Italy
• Normandy
• Battle of the
Bulge
Battle of El Alamein:
• When? – October 1942
• Where? - El Alamein, Egypt
• Results? – British and U.S. forces drove the German army,
led by General Rommel, from Egypt west into Tunisia.
• Importance? – U.S. Gen. Eisenhower led the Allies in an
invasion of Tunisia, from Algeria, forcing Rommel to
surrender in May of 1943.
• In 1943, the Allies invaded Italy from North Africa,
eventually liberating Rome from Nazi control in June of 1944.
Allied
advance in
El Guettar,
Tunisia,
North
Africa,
3/21/43.
Opening a Second Front
Help!! Attack
the Nazis on
the Western
Front, quick!
• In order to ease
pressure on the
Soviet Union,
Joseph Stalin
asked the Allies to
open a second
front by crossing
the English
Channel and
attacking the
Germans in
France.
Alright,
but you’d
better
appreciate
this!
• The planned invasion of Europe was called Operation
Overlord, and General Eisenhower was named commander of
the Allied forces in Europe.
• Eisenhower had to organize the eventual invasion of
Normandy France, known as D-Day, which involved over 3
million Allied forces. (D-Day animation)
General Eisenhower gives the order of the day "Full victory
- Nothing else" to paratroopers in England just before they
board airplanes in the first D-Day assault.
D-Day:
• When? – June 6, 1944
• Where? – Normandy, France
• Results? – A fleet of 4,000 ships carried Allied troops to
Normandy in order to invade France in an attempt to
defeat the Germans.
• Importance? – On August 25, 1944, Allied forces
liberated Paris from Nazi rule.
American soldiers wading through water into Nazi machinegun fire on the coast of France.
At Utah Beach, members of an American landing party help
others whose landing craft was sunk by the Germans off the
coast of France. The survivors reached Utah Beach, near
Cherbourg, by using a life raft.
Crossed rifles in the sand placed as a tribute to this fallen
soldier.
Medics help an injured American soldier.
American assault troops of the 16th Infantry Regiment,
injured while storming Omaha Beach, wait by the Chalk
Cliffs for evacuation to a field hospital for further medical
treatment. Collville-sur-Mer, Normandy.
Battle of the Bulge:
• When? – December 16, 1944
• Where? – border areas near Luxembourg, France and
Germany
• Results? – The Germans began a counterattack against
the Allies as the Allies attempted to drive the Germans
completely out of France.
• Importance? – This battle showed the desperation of the
German forces. While the Germans were able to slow
down the Allied advance, they could not stop it
completely.
Tuskegee Airmen
• The Tuskegee Airmen were the first
African American military aviators in the
United States armed forces. The American
military was racially segregated, The
Tuskegee Airmen were subject to racial
discrimination, both within and outside the
army. Despite these adversities, they flew
with distinction. They were particularly
successful in their missions as bomber
escorts in Europe.
Election of 1944
· FDR won an
unprecedented fourth
term in office in 1944.
· However, in April of
1945, FDR died,
forcing Vice-President
Harry Truman to
assume the Presidency.
Harry S Truman taking
the oath of office after
the death of Franklin
D. Roosevelt, April 12,
1945.
Victory in Europe
· By April of 1945,
American and Soviet
troops were closing in on
Berlin.
· Adolf Hitler committed
suicide on April 30, and
Germany officially
surrendered on May 7.
Red army soldiers raising the Soviet flag on the roof of the
Reichstag (German Parliament) in Berlin, Germany.
V-E Day Celebrations in New York City, May 8, 1945.
The Pacific Theatre
U.S. troops
surrender
to the
Japanese
in the
Philippine
Islands,
May 6,
1942. A
total of
11,500
Americans
and
Filipinos
became
POWs.
Bataan Death March
• The
Japanese
forced about
60,000 U.S.
and Filipino
soldiers to
march 100
miles with
little food or
water after
Japan
defeated the
Philippines
in 1942.
Americans improvise to carry comrades who have collapsed
along the road from a lack of food and water.
• About 10,000 people died or were killed during the march.
Allied POWs
with hands
tied behind
their backs
pause during
the Bataan
Death March.
Allied Counterattacks in the
Pacific
• Midway
• Southeast Asia
• Island hopping
• Japanese main
islands
World War II: Major Battles (1942 – 1944)
Battle of Midway Island:
When? – June 1942
Where? – Midway
Island (Pacific
Islands)
Results? - The U.S.
sank four Japanese
aircraft carriers.
Importance? – It
limited Japan's ability
to attack Hawaii again
or other Allied
positions.
Campaign for Guadalcanal:
• When? – August 1942
• Where? Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands (Pacific Islands)
• Results? – The U.S. defeated the Japanese, gaining
control of the island.
• Importance? – Guadalcanal became a military base from
which to counterattack the Japanese.
Soldiers take a breather after making camp. The 25th
Infantry Division was a large part of the effort to force the
Japanese off Guadalcanal.
Island Hopping in the Pacific
• The two main goals of the
U.S. in the Pacific were:
I. to regain the Philippines.
II. to invade Japan.
• The U.S. began a policy of
island hopping, using islands
as stepping-stones towards
Japan.
· By February of 1945, the U.S. had recaptured the Philippines
and captured the islands of Iwo Jima and Okinawa.
Raising the
Flag on Iwo
Jima depicts
five United
States
Marines and
a U.S. Navy
corpsman
raising the
flag of the
United States
atop Mount
Suribachi
during the
Battle of Iwo
Jima.
· The Japanese continued to fight, oftentimes using kamikaze
attacks against U.S. ships.
The Yokosuka D4Y3 dive bomber piloted by Yoshinori
Yamaguchi strikes the USS Essex, November 25, 1944.
Defeat of Japan
· The U.S. planned to invade Japan in 1945, though experts
warned that the invasion could cost over a million casualties.
Stalin, Truman and Churchill at the
Potsdam Conference.
· Upon learning
about the atomic
bomb, Pres.
Truman sent the
Japanese the
Potsdam
Declaration,
warning them to
surrender or face
“prompt and utter
destruction.”
· Unaware of the atomic bombs, the Japanese ignored the
Potsdam Declaration.
The first atomic bomb ever made was a uranium-enriched
bomb. It was dropped on the city of Hiroshima, Japan, on
August 6, 1945.
August 6, 1945.
· On August 6, 1945, the U.S. dropped an atomic bomb on
Hiroshima, Japan, killing at least 70,000 people and
destroying most of the city.
The aftermath of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima.
Ohmura Navy Hospital:
A
14 year old girl after the
bombing of Hiroshima at
Ohmura Navy Hospital on
August 10-11.
· On August 9, the U.S. dropped another atomic bomb on the
city of Nagasaki, killing at least 40,000 people.
Mushroom cloud from the
nuclear explosion over
Nagasaki rising 60,000
feet into the air on the
morning of August 9 1945
Before and after photos of downtown Nagasaki.
· On August 14, Japan
officially surrendered
ending World War II.
This date became known
as V-J Day (Victory
over Japan).
For millions of
Americans, Alfred
Eisenstaedt's 1945
LIFE photograph of a
sailor stamping a
masterly kiss on a
nurse symbolized the
cathartic joy of V-J
Day.