Transcript World War II

BA 4/7

Under what circumstances do you think the
US should enter a war?
World War II
Chapter 24-25
SSUSH19 The student will identify the origins, major developments, and the
domestic impact of World War II, especially the growth of the federal
government.
a. Explain A. Philip Randolph’s proposed march on Washington, D.C., and President
Franklin D. Roosevelt’s response.
b. Explain the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and the internment of JapaneseAmericans, German-Americans, and Italian-Americans.
c. Explain major events; include the lend-lease program, the Battle of Midway, D-Day,
and the fall of Berlin.
d. Describe war mobilization, as indicated by rationing, war-time conversion, and the
role of women in war industries.
e. Describe the Manhattan Project at Los Alamos and the scientific, economic, and
military implications of developing the atomic bomb.
f. Compare the geographic locations of the European Theater and the Pacific Theater
and the difficulties the U.S. faced in delivering weapons, food, and medical
supplies to troops.
WWII Background

1930s: books come out stating US had been
dragged into WWI by greedy bankers and
arms dealers

Congressional committee records large bank and
industry profits


Americans more determined than ever to
avoid war

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Public calls them “merchants of death”
Continue with isolationism
Create Neutrality Acts
Neutrality Acts

Laws passed to keep US out of future
wars by banning weapon sales or
loans to warring nations

1937: Japan attacks China
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FDR finds it impossible to remain neutral
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Sends weapons and supplies to China
End of Neutrality Acts

1939: Germany, Italy, & Japan sign a defense treaty
& become the Axis Powers

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Axis Powers’ treaty designed to keep US out of
WWII

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Treaty states Axis Powers will defend each other if
attacked
If US declares war on Germany, Italy, or Japan; we will
have to fight 2 ocean war
FDR offers to give Allies “all aid short of war” in an
effort to defeat Axis Powers

Allies: Russia, England & France (eventually US)
End of Neutrality Acts

Axis powers conquer France


England barely holding on
FDR warns US if England falls, Axis powers will
try for world conquest
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US must defeat Axis powers by becoming “the great
arsenal of democracy”

England has no money to buy war supplies

Leads to lend-lease program
Lend-lease Program

Lend-lease: US will lend or loan weapons &
supplies to any country whose defense is
vital to US


FDR compares plan to “lending a garden hose to
a neighbor whose house was on fire”
Result: ends isolationism in US
Lend-lease buying time
Attack on Pearl Harbor

1937: Japan attacks China

Trying to unite all of SE Asia under Japanese
control
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Japan using US oil to fight war

1937-1941: Japan taking over Pacific islands
under European control

Only US islands not under Japanese control
BA 3/31
1. What is the importance of the Wagner Act?
2. What is the goal of the TVA?
3. Why were the Axis Powers created?
4. Describe the lend-lease program.
5. What was the date of the attack on Pearl
Harbor?
Attack on Pearl Harbor
continued

US stops trading oil with Japan to protest
Japanese attacks

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Japan working a peace treaty with US


Without oil, Japan unable to continue war
Secretly planning attack on US
November 1941: US decodes Japanese
message of impending attack on US

FDR warns US military in Hawaii, Guam, and the
Philippines and waits for attack
Attack on Pearl Harbor
continued

December 7, 1941 (8 am): Japan attacks
Pearl Harbor, Hawaii

Use 6 aircraft carriers & 180 bombers
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Pearl Harbor: largest US naval base in
Pacific Ocean

Attack lasts for 1 ½ hours
5 Results of Pearl Harbor
1. 2,403 US soldiers killed
2. 1,178 US soldiers wounded
3. 21 ships sunk or damaged

Nearly the entire Pacific fleet
4. 300 planes destroyed
5. US declares war on Japan

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FDR: “A day that will live in infamy”
3 days later: Germany & Italy declare war on
US
John Garcia at Pearl Harbor
“It was a mess. I was working on the U.S.S. Shaw. It
was a floating dry dock. It was in flames. I started
to go down into the pipe fitter’s shop to get my
toolbox when another wave of Japanese come in. I
got under a set of concrete steps at the dry dock
where the battleship Pennsylvania was. An officer
came by and asked me to go into the Pennsylvania
and try to get the fires out. A bomb had penetrated
the marine deck, and …three decks below. Under
that was the magazines: ammunition, powder,
shells. I said “There ain’t no way I’m gonna go down
there.” It could blow up any minute. I was young
and 16, not stupid.”
Attack of Pearl Harbor
War Mobilization

Once Congress declares war, US begins
building war supplies
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February 1942: factories converted to build war
products

Use Ford’s mechanical assembly lines quickly gear
US up for war

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Car plants changed to make tanks, planes, boats, and
military vehicles
Soft-drink companies converted from filling bottles with
liquid to filling shells with explosives
Mobilization continued

US Defense Department concerned not enough
men to build war supplies

Creates job opportunities for women & African
Americans


Unable to work on military products before WWII
Women become 1/3 of labor force (6 million)
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AKA: Rosie the Riveter
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Operate welding torches and rivet guns as well as men

Only made 60% white male’s salary
Rosie the Riveter
A. Philip Randolph
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African American labor leader
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Wants to protest discrimination in military &
businesses
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Troops segregated & African Americans unable to
work on war supplies
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General manager for North American Aviation, “Negroes will be
considered only as janitors. It is the company policy not to employ them
as mechanics and aircraft workers.”
July 1941: organizes march on Washington D.C.
(est. 100,000 marchers)

“We loyal colored Americans demand the right to work
and fight for our country”
A. Philip Randolph continued

FDR fears march will provoke racism or violence

FDR makes a deal with Randolph: cancel the march
and FDR will push equality in defense positions

Importance: FDR orders defense employers & labor
unions to ban discrimination & hire African
Americans
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Hire without discrimination of race, creed, color, or
national origin
A. Philip
Randolph
Rationing
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To prepare for war, US sending all natural
resources to war industries
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Leads to rationing of meat, shoes, sugar, coffee,
rubber, and gasoline
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Rationing: coupons for fixed portions of natural
resources & goods for Americans

Most Americans saw rationing as a personal
contribution to the war effort
Internment
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1941: 120,000 Japanese living in US


After Pearl Harbor, US fears attack by Japanese Americans


Rumors they are sabotaging harbors and poisoning vegetables
US sets up internment camps

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Most on west coast
Internment: removal & confinement of Japanese Americans
from California, Washington, Oregon, and Arizona
Result: 110,000 Japanese rounded up & shipped to
“relocation centers”

Forced to sell homes, businesses, & belongings
Executive Order 9066
Manhattan Project

1939: German scientists split uranium atom
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Releases massive amount of energy

Albert Einstein writes letter to FDR fearing
Germans will make a highly destructive
weapon

FDR creates Uranium Committee to study
new discovery

US starts program to create atomic bomb
Manhattan Project
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Committee based out of Columbia University in
Manhattan, NY
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More than 600,000 Americans involved in project
around US

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Biggest laboratory in Los Alamos, NM
Los Alamos: secret research facility designed to
develop first nuclear weapons
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Codename: Manhattan Project
Will coordinate research from other universities around US
Los Alamos creates atomic bombs that destroy
Hiroshima & Nagasaki, Japan
First Nuclear Test in NM Desert
European Theater

European Theater: WWII battle in Europe
against Germany & Italy
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Start of US attack in WWII
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Made deal with Winston Churchill to help defeat
Nazis
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Believe Nazis are more of a threat than Japanese

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Winston Churchill: British Prime Minister
Hitler starts Battle of the Atlantic
D-Day
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Allies plan to invade France & push Nazis out of
Western Europe
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Leads to Operation Overlord led by US General
Dwight Eisenhower
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3 million British, American, & Canadian troops plan
to attack Normandy
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Normandy: Northern France
June 6, 1944: D-Day
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First day of Allied invasion
Ike with Paratroopers before DDay
D-Day continued
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Midnight: 3 divisions parachute behind
German lines
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Division: 10,000-30,000 soldiers
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D-Day: largest land-sea-air operation in army
history
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Allies take heavy casualties
D-Day continued
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After 7 days of fighting, Allies hold small part
of France
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Within 1 month: 1,000,000 Allied troops pushing
through France
Importance: begins Germany’s downfall in
WWII
US Survivors from sunken
transport ship
Canadians at Juno Beach
UK troops at sword beach
US finds Panzer tank and dead
German
June 6, 1944
Fall of Berlin

1944: US & Russians forcing Nazi retreat into
Germany
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Soviet Union under rule of Joseph Stalin
April 1945: Soviet army storms Berlin
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Berlin: capital of Germany
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City and Hitler panic
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After 5 days of Soviet bombings, Hitler commits
suicide
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April 29: Marries girlfriend Eva Braun
 Shoots himself and Eva swallows poison
Churchill (UK), FDR, Stalin (USSR)
Hitler and Eva Braun
Fall of Berlin continued
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Importance: 1 week later, Allies accept
Germany’s unconditional surrender ending
war in European Theater
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May 8, 1945: Allies celebrate V-E Day

Victory in Europe Day
Streets of Berlin
Anti-Aircraft Bunker
Soviet Rocket Launchers
Soviet Flag over Reichstag
Pacific Theater
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US fighting in Europe & SE Asia at same time

Small amounts of US troops originally sent to Asia

Pacific Theater turns into grueling war of island
hopping
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Massive casualties & heavy fighting on each island
Early WWII: Japan beating US & continues taking
over SE Asia

Conquers Philippines, Guam, Wake Island, and parts
of Alaska
Japanese territory
Battle of Midway

Midway: US island north of Hawaii used to refuel
subs

Japan wants to take island & destroy US naval
carriers

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US cracks Japanese code & knows about attack
June 1942: US planes attack Japanese fleet

Result: Japan loses 4 aircraft carriers, a cruiser, and 250
planes
 Japanese official: “Americans had avenged Pearl Harbor”
Importance of Midway
1. Turning point of Pacific War
2. US troops go on offensive

Slowly start fighting way to Japan
US victory at Midway
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1940's Aircraft Carrier In The Pacific Rare color footage. This is 16mm color
(not "colorized") footage that you may not
have seen before of carrier action in the
Pacific. Not many color shots in the '40's extremely expensive then, with a
complicated and exacting processing
procedure
http://www.youtube.com/watch_popup?v=
9dR3h2HdnBQ
Atomic Bomb
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After Battle of Midway, US slowly advancing
on Japan
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Brutal island to island fighting costing many
US lives
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Ex: Battle of Iwo Jima: 6,000 Marines KIA
Estimate invasion of Japan will cost 250,000
US troops and 125,000 UK troops
Dropping Atomic Bomb
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July 16, 1945: first atomic bomb test
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Successfully dropped in New Mexico desert
New President, Harry Truman hears news
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Unaware of Manhattan Project

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Becomes President when FDR dies weeks before V-E
Day during his 4th presidential term
July 1945: Truman orders dropping of 2
atomic bombs
Dropping Atomic Bomb
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August 6, 1945: atomic bomb (Little Boy) dropped on
Hiroshima

Hiroshima: important military center

70,000 killed, 69,000 injured, 67% of city destroyed
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Japan refuses to surrender

August 9, 1945: atomic bomb (Fat Man) dropped on
Nagasaki
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39,000 killed, 25,000 injured, 40% of city destroyed
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September 2,1945: Japan surrenders, ending WWII
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End of 1945: 200,000 people dead due to injuries and
radiation poisoning
Atomic Bomb on Hiroshima
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Ground temp: 7,000 degrees
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Hurricane force winds: 980 mph
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Energy released: 20,000 tons of TNT
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62,000 buildings destroyed
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70,000 immediately killed
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140,000 killed by 1946
The Manhattan Project
Hiroshima
14 yr old boy
Nuremberg War Trials
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Part of WWII peace treaty

Places Nazi leaders on trial for war crimes
from the Holocaust
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24 Nazi officials tried for crimes against humanity,
peace, and war crimes
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Over 200 Nazis imprisoned or executed
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Importance: shows individuals are
responsible for own actions during war
Impact of WWII
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Leads to great prosperity for US

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Lends money to rebuild Europe
 Becomes the world’s superpower
Huge fallout between Soviet Union & US
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Stalin wants land to compensate USSR for losses

Creation of Atomic Bomb will lead to nuclear arms
race between US & USSR

Disagreements between US democracy & USSR
communism will lead to Cold War