Transcript U.S. President Harry Truman (center) shakes the hands of British

U.S. President Harry
Truman (center) shakes
the hands of
British Prime Minister
Winston Churchill (left)
and Soviet
Premier Josef Stalin
(right) on the opening
day of the Potsdam
Conference in Germany,
17 July–2 August 1945.
US/USSR Relationship during WWII
• Before the end of the World War II,
Stalin, Churchill and Roosevelt met at
Yalta to plan what should happen when
the war ended. They agreed on many
points:
1. The establishment of the United Nations
2. Division of Germany into four zones
3. Free elections allowed in the states of
Eastern Europe
4. Russia’s promise to join the war against
Japan
Winston Churchill (England), Franklin Roosevelt
(US) and Joseph Stalin (USSR) meet in Yalta in
1945 to decide the fate of post-war Europe.
No agreement was reached on Poland.
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The Cold War: Roots of the Conflict
Soviet
Expansion:
· The Soviet
Union
occupied
most of
Eastern
Europe by
the end of
World War
II.
• In 1946,
Winston
Churchill
correctly
warned that
the Soviets
were creating
an “iron
curtain” in
Eastern
Europe.
Winston Churchill giving the “Iron
Curtain” address at Westminster College on
March 5, 1946
Some major strategies of the Cold War
The six major strategies were:
•1.
Brinkmanship
1.
•(the policy of pushing a dangerous situation to the brink of
disaster (to the limits of safety)
•2.
•3.
•4.
•5.
•6.
Espionage,
Foreign aid,
Alliances,
Propaganda,
Surrogate wars.
2.
6
5.
The currency reform
in “Bizonia,”
21 June 1948:
Every West German
citizen received 40
new Deutschmarks.
Stalin responded
with a blockade of
West Berlin.
The Berlin Crisis: June 1948-May 1949
• 1948: three western controlled zones of Germany united; grew in prosperity due to the
Marshall Plan
• West wanted East to rejoin; Stalin feared it would hurt Soviet security.
•In May 1948 the new currency introduced into the three western zones of Germany
provoked the Soviet blockade of Berlin and the Berlin airlift.
•June 1948: Stalin decided to gain control of West Berlin, which was deep inside the Eastern
Sector
– Cuts road, rail and canal links with West Berlin, hoping to starve it into submission
• West responded by airlifting supplies to allow West Berlin to survive
Map of Berlin divided into
zones after WWII
Map of Germany divided into
zones after WWII
A plane flies in supplies during the Berlin Airlift.
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Berlin Airlift June 1948-May 1949
Dean Acheson,
U.S. Secretary of
State, signs the
NATO treaty in
Washington on
April 4, 1949, as
Harry Truman and
British Foreign
Secretary Ernest
Bevin look on.
Post WWII/Cold War Goals for USSR
•Create greater security for itself
– lost tens of millions of people in WWII and
Stalin’s purges
– feared a strong Germany
•Establish defensible borders
•Encourage friendly governments on its borders
•Spread communism around the world
Excerpt from Winston
Churchill’s “Iron Curtain
Speech.”
“From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the
Adriatic an iron curtain has descended
across the Continent. Behind that line lie all
the capitals of the ancient states of Central
and Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin,
Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade,
Bucharest and Sofia, all these famous cities
and the populations around them lie in what
I must call the Soviet sphere, and all are
subject in one form or another, not only to
Soviet influence but to a very high and, in
some cases, increasing measure of control
from Moscow.”
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Harry S. Truman announces the “Truman Doctrine”
to the U.S. Congress on March 12, 1947
Truman
Doctrine
•1947: British help Greek government
fight communist guerrillas.
–They appealed to America for aid,
and the response was the Truman
Doctrine.
– America promised it would
support free countries to help fight
communism.
– Greece received large amounts of
arms and supplies and by 1949 had
defeated the communists.
•The Truman Doctrine was significant
because it showed that America, the
most powerful democratic country, was
prepared to resist the spread of
communism throughout the world.
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Marshall
Plan
• In 1947, US Secretary of State Marshall announced
the Marshall Plan.
–This was a massive economic aid plan for Europe to
help it recover from the damage caused by the war.
•There were two motives for this:
– Helping Europe to recover economically would
provide markets for American goods, so benefiting
American industry.
– A prosperous Europe would be better able to resist
the spread of communism. This was probably the main
motive.
Secretary of State George
Marshall.
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A poster promoting the Marshall Plan
Soviet Reaction to Marshal Plan
“American Bludgeon in the solution of
the market problem”
The Ideological Struggle
Soviet &
Eastern Bloc
Nations
[“Iron Curtain”]
GOAL  spread worldwide Communism
METHODOLOGIES:
US & the
Western
Democracies
GOAL  “Containment”
of Communism & the
eventual collapse of the
Communist world.
[George Kennan]
 Espionage [KGB vs. CIA]
 Arms Race [nuclear escalation]
 Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts
of Third World peoples [Communist govt. &
command economy vs. democratic govt. & capitalist
economy]  “proxy wars”
 Bi-Polarization of Europe [NATO vs. Warsaw Pact]
Containment
Kennan’s Long Telegram as published in
Foreign Affairs,
“The Sources of
Soviet Conduct”
by “X”, 1947
George Kennan
Soviet Union and
Eastern Europe
1945
Germany - divided
• Germany, which had been
ruled by the Hitler and the
Nazis until their defeat in
1945 was split in two.
• The western side became
West Germany and the
eastern side became East
Germany.
• East Germany became
another communist country.
Post-War Germany
Iron Curtain –
A term used by
Winston Churchill
to describe the
separating of
Those communist
lands of East
Europe from the
West.
Improve your knowledge
• The Russians took very high casualties to
capture Berlin in May 1945. They spent the
early occupation trying to take over all zones
of the city but were stopped by German
democrats such as Willy Brandt and Konrad
Adenauer. Reluctantly the Russians had to
admit the Americans, French and British to
their respective zones.
The ‘Truman Doctrine’
• Truman had been horrified at the pre-war
Allied policy of appeasement and was
determined to stand up to any Soviet
intimidation.
The Truman Doctrine in March 1947
promised that the USA “would support
free peoples who are resisting
subjugation by armed minorities or
by outside pressures”.
• Triggered by British inability to hold the
line in Greece, it was followed by aid to
Greece and Turkey, and also money to
help capitalists to stop communists in
Italy and France.
It signalled the end of “isolationst”
policies.
The ‘Marshall Plan’
• The Marshall Plan offered huge sums to
enable the economies of Europe to rebuild
after World War II, and, by generating
prosperity, to reject the appeal of
Communism.
The Soviet Union (USSR) prevented Eastern
European countries from receiving American
money.
The division of Germany into occupation zones.
Soviet soldier directing traffic in bombed-out
Berlin, 1945.
Europe divided 1949
After World War 2, the
world changed!
• Many countries became communist after World
War 2 including:
• Foundation of East German Republic 1949
- Czechoslovakia (1948)
- Poland (1947)
- Hungary (1947)
- China (1949)
- Cuba (1959)
- North Korea (1945)
Cold War?
• The tension and rivalry between the USA
and the USSR was described as the Cold
War (1945-1990).
• There was never a real war between the
two sides between 1945 and 1990, but they
were often very close to war (Hotspots).
Both sides got involved in other conflicts
in the world to either stop the spread of
communism (USA) or help the spread
(USSR).
The domino effect
• The USSR had a lot of influence over many of
the new communist countries (especially those
in Europe).
• The USA was very worried that the USSR’s
influence over these countries was making the
USSR and communism more powerful.
• The USA did not want communism to spread
any further – they were worried about the
domino effect (one country becomes
communist, then another, then another etc)
Communists shot by the government
during the Greek Civil War, 1949.
Mao Zedong,
Chinese
leader and
chairman of
the Chinese
Communist
Party.
Sino-Soviet Pact, 1950
• In 1950, the Sino-Soviet pact - “The Treaty of friendship,
alliance and mutual assistance” was signed between Mao and
Stalin.
• It promised: Economic aid and Military aid
• The Soviets also promised to restore Chinese sovereignty over
Manchuria and its railways.
• However, The USSR refused to reduce its interference with
Mongolia which China considered to be within its own sphere
of influence.
• The USSR continually refused to allow China to increase its
influence in North Korea.
• They also refused to support China’s desire to obtain Taiwan.
The Korean War
1950-1953
The Korean War 1950-1953
• “In due course Korea shall become free and
independent.” the Cairo Conference in 1943
• The Soviet Union entered Manchuria and controlled
north Korea in August 1945
• Dean Rusk was asked to find dividing line between the
US and Russia in Korea - the 38th parallel as a dividing
line based on a National Geographic map, so the US
controlled the other side of Korea
• Republic of Korea and People’s Democratic Republic of
Korea were established respectively in 1947.
Maps of the Korean War
• January and April 1950:
– Stalin clearly told Kim Il Sung that the Soviet Union would
not join the fray if the United States participated in this
confrontation. Then Stalin asked Kim to consult with Mao,
because Mao had "a good understanding of Oriental
matters."
Soviet leaders at Stalin’s funeral
from left, Nikita Khrushchev, Lavrentii Beriia, Georgii
Malenkov, Nikolai Bulganin, Kliment Voroshilov,
and Lazar Kaganovich.
Warsaw Pact
•Warsaw Pact: organization of communist states in Central and Eastern Europe.
•Established May 14, 1955 in Warsaw, Poland
•USSR established in in response to NATO treaty
•Founding members:
–Albania (left in 1961 as a result of the Sino-Soviet split)
–Bulgaria
–Czechoslovakia
–Hungary
–Poland
–Romania
– USSR
–East Germany (1956)
Greatest extent of Warsaw Pact
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Space Race
• Cold War tensions increased in the US
when the USSR launched Sputnik I, the
first artificial satellite into geocentric orbit
on October 4, 1957.
– The race to control space was on.
•
April 12, 1961: Yuri Gagarin became
first human in space and first to
orbit Earth.
• US felt a loss of prestige and
increased funding for space
programs and science
education.
• On May 25,1961, Kennedy gave
a speech challenging America to
land a man on the moon and
return him safely by the end of
the decade.
• Apollo 11 landed on the moon
on July 16, 1969.
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Nikita Khrushchev, shown here
meeting with President John F.
Kennedy in 1961, introduced
reforms to end Stalin’s terroristic
methods of government and raise
the Soviet Union’s standard of
living.
The U-2 Incident
• USSR was aware of American U-2 spy missions
but lacked technology to launch countermeasures
until 1960.
–May 1, 1960: CIA agent Francis Gary Powers’ U-2, was
shot down by Soviet missile.
• Powers was unable to activate plane's self-destruct
mechanism before he parachuted to
the
ground, right into the hands of the KGB.
• When US learned of Powers' disappearance
over USSR, it issued a cover statement
claiming that a "weather plane" crashed after
its pilot had "difficulties with his oxygen
equipment." US officials did not realize:
– Plane crashed intact,
– Soviets recovered its photography equipment
– Captured Powers, whom they interrogated
extensively for months before he made a
"voluntary confession" and public apology for
his part in US espionage
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The Berlin Wall 1961
Kennedy in Berlin, 1961
Berlin
• West Berlin, was an outpost of Western
democracy and economic success deep within
the communist zone – like a capitalist island
within communist East Germany
• The Berlin Blockade was an attempt to
starve West Berlin into submitting [giving up]
to the communists
• The Allied [western powers] airlift signalled the
West’s determination to use all resources to
defend Berlin.
It was feld by both sides that Berlin could act
as the trigger for general war between
capitalist and communist countries
Another Cold War crisis
• Background
• East – West rivalry
• Berlin divided – contrast the two halves.
WEST: Prosperous, helped
by US, attracted people
from the East. Seen by
USSR as ‘infection’ in the
heart of Communist East
Germany.
EAST: Much less
prosperous and under
Communist control
Focus on refugees from East Germany or
East Berlin to West
1949-129,245
1951- 165,648
1953- 331,390
1955- 252,870
1957- 261,622
1959- 143,917
1961- 207,026
1962- 21,356
1963- 42,632
1964- 41,876
What they wanted
The West
• Prevent USSR from
gaining control of East
Germany
• To see a united,
democratic Germany
The East
• Maintain control over E
Germany
• Make the West recognise
it as an independent
state
• Stop the flood of refugees
especially the skilled and
professional ones – much
needed in E Germany
1958-Soviet demands
West should:
• Recognise GDR
• Withdraw troops from West Berlin
• Hand their access routes over to the East
German government
West refused and Khrushchev backed down.
Events of 1961
• June - Khrushchev pressured new American
President John F Kennedy
• Demanded withdrawal of Western forces
from West Berlin – Kennedy refused
• July 23 – Flow of refugees from East to
West = 1000 a day
• July 25 – Kennedy repeats support for West
Berlin and announced increase in arms
spending
Events cont’d
• 13-22 August – Khrushchev and East
German govt. orders barbed wire barrier
across Berlin, followed by a wall of concrete
blocks
• All of West Berlin encircled apart from
access points
• This was against the Four Power agreement
made in 1949.
Results
• Important results for Berlin, Germany and
the Cold War:
• Berlin was divided, free access ended
between East and West, many families split,
many attempted to escape to the Westbetween 1961 and 1989; 86 people died
trying to cross the Berlin Wall
Results continued…
• Kennedy accepted the Soviet action. He
refused to use US troops to pull down the
wall to avoid war.
• Kennedy looked weak but West turned it
into propaganda – why if Communism was
so attractive was a wall needed?
• 1963 – Kennedy visited West Berlin –
pledged continued support – ‘Ich bin ein
Berliner’ (I am a Berliner) – famous speech
• Khrushchev lost face by failing to remove
the West from Berlin
The Cuban Missile Crisis
1962
John F.
Kennedy
delivers his
famous “Ich
Bin Ein
Berliner”
speech at the
Rudolph Wilde
Platz in West
Berlin, 26 June
1963.
Nikita Khrushchev,
Soviet leader from
1953 to 1964, at the
UN General
Assembly in 1960
Premier Nikita Khrushchev
About the capitalist
states, it doesn't
depend on you
whether we
(Soviet Union) exist.
If you don't like us,
don't accept our
invitations, and don't
De-Stalinization
invite us to come
Program
to see you. Whether
you like it our not, history is on our
side. We will bury you. -- 1956
Khrushchev visits display of U-2
wreckage. May 1960
Nikita Khrushchev and Leonid
Brezhnev: Khrushchev
promoted Brezhnev’s career,
but in 1964 Brezhnev played a
leading role in the plot that
removed Khrushchev from
power.
Regional Conflicts
Israel vs. Syria/Egypt/PLO
Ethiopia vs. Somalia (1970s)
Taiwan vs. China (1949-present)
S. Korea vs. N. Korea (1948-present)
S. Viet Nam vs. N. Viet Nam (1956-1975)
FNLA/UNITA vs. MPLA (Angola, 1970s-80s)
Nicaragua, Guatemala, El Salvador (1970s-80s)
US
USSR
The Vietnam War
c.1963-1975
Prague Spring
1968
The Slow Thaw…
•In 1969 Nixon began negotiations with USSR on SALT I, common name for the
Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty Agreement.
• SALT I froze the number of ballistic missile launchers at existing levels, and provided
for the addition of submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) launchers only after
the same number of intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) and SLBM launchers had
been dismantled.
• It was the first effort between US/USSR to stop increase nuclear weapons.
• SALT II was a second round of US/USSR talks (1972-1979), which sought to reduce
manufacture of nuclear weapons. SALT II was the first nuclear treaty seeking real
reductions in strategic forces to 2,250 of all categories on both sides.
Nixon and Brezhnev toast the SALT I treaty.
Carter and Brezhnev sign the SALT II treaty.
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Leonid Brezhnev, Soviet leader from 1964 to 1982,
and U.S. president Richard Nixon, signing a nuclear
arms limitation treaty in 1973 at the White House
Détente
• Decreased tensions between US and Soviet
Union
– Nuclear arms agreements
– US and China
Mikhail Gorbachev,
the last Soviet leader,
whose reform policies
led to the end of the
Cold War but
nonetheless
ultimately failed to
rebuild the Soviet
Union and
contributed to its
collapse
Cold War Thaw Continues
Soviet Premier Mikhail Gorbachev
•Gorbachev becomes Soviet premier and
understands that the Soviet economy
cannot
compete with the West, partly because of
Afghanistan and partly because of the costs of
keeping up militarily.
• Gorbachev recognizes there is increasing unrest in
the country.
• He tries to reform the USSR with glasnost (=
openness: think “glass” because you can see
through it) and perestroika (=restructuring:
think “structure/stroika”).
•Gorbachev is further pressured to reform the
USSR when Reagan gives his speech in
Germany
challenging Gorbachev to “tear down
this
wall.”
President Reagan delivers his speech in
Berlin.
72
Mikhail Gorbachev, Soviet leader from 1985 to 1991, and
U.S. president Ronald Reagan relax during their first
summit meeting, which took place in Geneva,
Switzerland, in 1985.
The Wall Falls, 1989
• A wave of rebellion against Soviet influence
occurs
throughout its European allies.
• Poland’s Solidarity movement breaks the Soviet
hold on that country
• Hungary removed its border restrictions with Austria.
•Riots and protests break out in East Germany.
• East Germans storm the wall. Confused and
outnumbered, border guards do not fight
back.
• The wall is breached.
• Eventually East and West Germany are
reunited in 1990.
74
Boris Yeltsin reading a statement condemning the
coup against Mikhail Gorbachev while standing on a
tank on August 19, 1991
The USSR Dissolves
Boris Yeltsin (far left) stands on a tank
to defy the 1991 coup
• On December 21, 1991, the presidents of
Russia, Ukraine and Belarus signed the
Belavezha Accords declaring the USSR
dissolved and established the
Commonwealth of Independent States
(CIS) in its place.
• On December 25, 1991, Gorbachev
yielded as the president of the USSR,
declaring the office extinct. He
turned the
powers that until then were
vested in
him over to Boris Yeltsin, president of Russia.
•The following day, the Supreme Soviet,
the
highest governmental body of the Soviet
Union, recognized the collapse of the Soviet
Union and dissolved itself.
– This is generally recognized as the
official, final dissolution of the Soviet
Union as a functioning state.
Rocky beats Ivan Drago.
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