Transcript Cold War - Madison County Schools

THE COLD WAR
What do you think the phrase “Cold War” means? How do
you think it is different from a “hot” war?
De-Colonization After
WWII
De-Colonization
 Postwar era saw total collapse of colonial
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empires.
Between 1947 and 1962, almost every colonial
territory gained independence.
New nations of Asia and Africa deeply
influenced by Western ideas and achievements.
After 1945, European powers more concerned
about rebuilding; let colonies go
Israel is formed.
China
 After WWII (defeat of Japanese invaders)
a civil war broke out between communists
led by Mao Zedong and Nationalists led
by Jiang Jieshi (Chang kai-shek)
 Mao won the revolution and created a
communist country: People's Republic of
China
Post-War Political and Economic
Framework
 Bretton Woods Conference (1944): created
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
 Lay foundations for modern monetary system; based on
U.S. dollar
 IMF (World Bank) designed to loan money to struggling
countries to prevent economic crises and anarchy;
instrumental in post-war economic boom.
 United Nations created in 1945: Security Council (12
nations including 5 permanent members had powers to
act; General Assembly had powers to advise (included
all nations of the world)
Roots of Cold War
 Teheran Conference, 1943: USSR guaranteed to be
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only power to liberate Eastern Europe
Yalta Conference, 1945:
Stalin pledged to allow democratic elections in E. Europe
(but later reneged)
Germany would be divided into four zones controlled by
U.S., France, Britain and USSR
After war, Soviets dominated their zone and did not allow
reunification of Germany
Potsdam Conference, 1945:
Truman demanded free elections in Eastern Europe but
Stalin refused
Stalin wanted a "buffer zone" between Germany and
USSR for protection against future war
Roots of Cold War
 U.S. point of view:
 Stalin seemed intent on creating "spheres" of
influence in Eastern Europe
 Broke pledges at Yalta; refused to allow
reunification of Germany
 Churchhill's "Iron Curtain" speech in 1946
alerted Americans to a future conflict
 U.S. wanted democracy spread throughout the
world with a strong international organization to
maintain global peace
Roots of Cold War
 Soviet point of view:
 Democracies traditionally hostile towards communism
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and the USSR
 e.g., Archangel expedition during WWI; nonrecognition by U.S. until 1933
US & Britain did not open western front in Europe early
enough; millions of Soviet soldiers were dying fighting
the brunt of Nazi armies alone until mid-1944.
The US and Britain froze Russia out of the atomic bomb
project.
US terminated lend-lease to Moscow in May 1945 but
gave Britain aid until 1946.
Wanted "buffer zone" for the Soviet western border esp.
in Poland
Partition of Germany
 USSR, U.S., Britain & France would each
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occupy a part of Germany but would allow for
German reunification once she was no longer a
threat.
Germany was to pay heavy reparations to USSR
in form of agricultural and industrial goods.
Soviets dominated their Eastern German zone
Did not want revitalized Germany that could
once again pose a threat.
Stripped E. Germany of much of its resources.
Partition of Germany
 U.S. and W. Europeans felt German economy
vital to recovery of Europe
 1949, West Germany became an independent
country when US, France and Britain gave back
each of their zones
 Federal Republic of Germany – led by Konrad
Adenauer
 1949, East Germany formally established –
Democratic Republic of Germany led by
Walter Ulbricht (1883-1973); communist regime
influenced by Moscow
Truman Doctrine
 The TRUMAN
DOCTRINE – This
was President
Truman’s policy of
CONTAINMENTkeeping Soviet
influence contained
within existing
boundaries
1. In 1947, Truman gave $400 million to Greece and Turkey to help put
down communist revolts.
2. The President’s program of helping nations threatened by communist
expansion became known as the Truman Doctrine
What parts of the world did the U.S. fight the spread of Communism?
Marshall Plan
 Secretary of State, George Marshall, feared that hungry,
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homeless people might support communist revolutions.
Purpose: prevent communism from spreading into
economically devastated regions
Between 1948-1952, Marshall Plan provided more than
$12 billion in aid to Western European countries.
Result: Western and Central Europe recovered
economically -- the "economic miracle"
Soviets refused to allow U.S. aid to countries in eastern
Europe
Berlin Crisis (1948-49)
Berlin
A. By 1948, Germany
was split into two
sections: West Germany
and East Germany
B. Berlin itself was also
divided between West
and East Berlin, even
though it lay deep inside
the Soviet Zone
What kinds of problems do
you think this could
cause?
Berlin Airlift
 Soviets attempted to
remove Allies from Berlin
by cutting off access
 One of high tension
points of the Cold War;
World War III?
 U.S. instituted a massive
airlift; Soviets lifted
blockade in 1949 (Berlin
Airlift)
In 1948, Stalin blockaded West Berlin from
West Germany and the rest of the world.
Why? How?
The Shocks of 1949
A. September 3, 1949, the
Soviet Union explodes its
own atomic bomb
Rosenburgs/McCarthyism
C. October 1949, Mao
Zedong takes over China
and it becomes
communist.
Why are these two events
significant?
More Containment
 North Atlantic Treaty Organization
(NATO) formed in 1949
 Collective security organization consisting
of democracies in Europe, U.S. & Canada
to prevent against Soviet expansion in
Europe.
 Radio Free Europe & Voice of America
set up to send pro-democracy messages
to countries behind the "iron curtain"
Cold War in the 1950’s
Khrushchev
 Power struggle emerged after Stalin died in
1953; Khrushchev emerged a few years later
 Stalin’s heirs realized reforms were needed.
 Widespread fear and hatred of Stalin’s political terror
resulted in reduction of power of secret police and
gradual closure of forced labor camps.
 Agriculture in bad shape.
 Shortages of consumer goods.
 Hard work and initiative in decline due to poor living
conditions.
 De-Stalinization resulted in communist reformers and
the masses seeking greater liberty and national
independence.
Korean War 1950-1953
 After WWII, Korea divided at 38th parallel: North was
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communist, South was not
Cause: 1950, North Korea invaded South Korea
(supported by Soviet resources)
UN (led by US & Gen. Douglas MacArthur) sent forces
to push back communists
Soviets boycotting UN for U.S. refusal to allow "Red
China" into UN Security Council
China sends hundreds of thousands of troops to push
back UN
Result: cease-fire and border at 38th parallel restored;
still in existence today
Korean War
Hydrogen Bomb
 Developed by US in 1952 & USSR in 1953:
world now has two superpowers
Warsaw Pact 1955
 Collective security organization of eastern bloc
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nations to counter NATO.
U.S. policy of "massive retaliation" between
1953-55
U.S. policy now is to help eastern European
countries remove communism.
U.S. vows to destroy USSR with nuclear
weapons if it tries to expand
Brinksmanship: the art of going to the brink of
war to force the other side to back down.
Cold War in 1960’s
Space Race
 (Part of Cold War
competition to achieve
technological superiority)
 1957, USSR launched
Sputnik, an orbiting
satellite using long-range
rockets
 US fearful Soviets could
now launch a nuclear
missile into space and
then down to U.S.
 Resulted in development
of ICBMs
(Intercontinental Ballistic
Missiles)
Space Race
 U.S. countered with creation of NASA and vastly
increased educational funding for science.
 1961, Soviets sent world’s first cosmonaut, Yuri
Gagarin, into orbit.
 President John F. Kennedy responded by
increasing funds for space.
 1969, Apollo Program put first man on the
moon; 4 more moon landings followed by 1972.
U-2 Incident
 U.S. spy plane shot
down over USSR
 Khrushchev
demanded an
apology from
Eisenhower;
Eisenhower refused
 Khrushchev and
Eisenhower aborted
Berlin Wall: Built in 1961
 Berlin Wall
1. From 1949-1961, over 3 million East
Germans fled to West Berlin because they
were unhappy with life under Communism.
2. In 1961, East German soldiers built a
wall of concrete and barbed wire that
sealed off East Berlin and West Berlin.
People who tried to escape were shot
WHY?
Berlin Wall
On the 9th of November, 1989,
the Border separating
Western from Eastern
Germany was effectively
opened. In the days that
followed large groups of
individuals with their hands
and with machinery, started
physically tearing down the
wall. The Fall of the Berlin
Wall AFTER STANDING FOR
ALMOST 30 YEARS, will
always be used as a symbol
for the end of the Cold War.
Cuba
 Became a communist country in 1959
under leadership of Fidel Castro
 Cuba became an ally of the Soviet Union
 Bay of Pigs Invasion, 1961: U.S.-trained
Cuban exiles tried unsuccessfully to
invade Cuba
Cuban Missile Crisis
 1962: U.S. demanded Soviets remove their
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newly installed nuclear missiles from Cuba.
Crisis became the closest USSR and US came
to nuclear war
U.S. placed blockade (naval quarantine) on any
further missiles into Cuba
Khrushchev agreed to remove missiles in return
for U.S. removing its missiles from Turkey and
vowing not to invade Cuba in the future.
Crisis weakened Khrushchev and contributed to
his downfall in 1964
Cuban Missile Crisis
Nuclear Test Ban Treaty 1963
 Khrushchev, Kennedy & Britain signed historic
treaty banning atmospheric testing in an attempt
to reduce Cold War tensions
 France refused to sign (was in the process of
developing own nuclear weapons program)
 China became a nuclear power in 1964 leading
to its estrangement with Soviet Union
Leonid Brezhnev
 Became new General Secretary (1964-1982)
 Beginning in 1964, USSR began a period of
stagnation and limited re-Stalinization
 Massive arms buildup started in response to
humiliation of Cuban Missile Crisis.
USSR avoided direct
confrontation with the U.S. and
seemed more committed to
peaceful coexistence than
Khrushchev had been.
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Détente
 SALT
I1969 talks signed1972
Causes of Student Revolts
 Opposition to U.S. war in Vietnam triggered revolutionary
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ferment among youths
Influenced by Marxist current in French universities after
1945 & new left thinking in US
Believed older generation & US fighting immoral &
imperialistic war against Vietnam.
Students in western Europe shared US youth's rejection of
materialism and belief that postwar society was repressive
and flawed.
Problems in higher education: classes overcrowded; little
contact with professors; competition for grades intense;
demanded even more practical areas of study to qualify for
high-paying jobs after college
Some students warned of dangers of narrowly trained
experts ("technocrats") who would serve the establishment
to the detriment of working class.
The Youth Movement and
Counterculture
 Counter-Culture: rebellion against parents,
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authority figures and status quo
Baby boom after WWII developed distinctive and
international youth culture.
Many raised in economic prosperity and more
democratic class structure.
New generation influenced by revival of leftist
thought created a “counter-culture”
Some youth rebelled against conformity and
boredom of middle-class suburbs.
Rock music helped tie counter-culture together
Cold War in the 70’s
SALT II
 Jimmy Carter and Leonid Brezhnev from
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1977 to 1979
Nuclear reduction arms treaty
US never ratifies
However both sides honor agreement.
Why does the US not ratify?
Soviet war in Afghanistan
 Soviets invade 1979. Why?
 Why does the US get
involved?
 What is a War by proxy?
 How does this war in?
 Soviet Vietnam?