Transcript Women in the Military in World War II

Women’s History Month 2005
U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Special Emphasis Programs
Presents:
Women in the Military
in World War II
“It wasn’t just my brother’s country, or my
husband’s country, it was my country as well.
And so this war wasn’t just their war, it was my
war, and I needed to serve in it.”
Major Beatrice Hood Stroup
Women’s Army Corps, WWII
Women in WWII: Introduction
• 400,000 American women served
• American women were in every service branch,
assigned around the world
• 1st time the armed services actively recruited
women in large numbers
• Helped alleviate major workforce shortages in
various fields within the military
• Service helped in expanding women’s roles and
opportunities around the world
Women in WWII
• Army Nurse Corps (ANC)
• Navy Nurse Corps
• Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC) and
Women’s Army Corps (WAC)
• Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency
Service (WAVES)
• Marine Corps Women’s Reserve
• Women’s Reserve of the Coast Guard Reserve
(SPARs)
• Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASP)
Army Nurse Corps (ANC)
• Est.1901 - oldest female branch of U.S. military services
• Served all over world, including near front lines in the Battle
of the Bulge (Ardennes Forest, on German/Belgian border)
• Army nurses in Philippines were taken prisoner and cared
for other inmates during the 2½ years they were POWs
• April 1945, suicide plane off waters of Okinawa crashed into
the USS Comfort, killing 6 Army nurses and 1 Navy nurse
• 201 Army nurses died during the war
• Many African American nurses tried to join, but
most were denied
- A unit of African American nurses served in
Tagap, Burma, in September 1944
Navy Nurse Corps
• Established in 1908
• Navy nurses were at Pearl Harbor and cared for the
injured after the attack
• 11 Navy nurses and 66 Army nurses were Japanese
POWs for over 3 years
• Army and Navy nurses served throughout the world and
suffered highest casualty rate of all military women
– 83 taken as POWs
“One day it seemed like the whole area was full of ships and the next morning there
was not a single one. We knew the invasion was beginning. We were on alert. We
could not leave and were on duty 24 hours a day. We didn’t know what we were
waiting for…And then the causalities came. It took about 3 or 4 days after the invasion
before we started receiving causalities…We did not sleep for the first 24 hours, and
then finally sleep had to be rationed because no one would leave their work.”
Helen Pavlovsky Ramsey, LT, USNR (Ret.), Stationed at Royal Hospital in Netley,
England on D-Day
Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC) and
Women’s Army Corps (WAC)
•
WAAC became WAC when women given full status and benefits
•
300 WACs worked at Los Alamos, NM, on the Manhattan Project
atomic bomb development
– Cryptographers, chemists, photographers, electronics techs, etc.
– WACs received Meritorious Unit Award
•
40,000 WACs assigned to Air Force (“Air WACs”) and were radio
operators, code instructors, and airplane mechanics.
•
Former WAC, Sherian Grace Cadoria, became the 1st African
American female general in 1985
•
Oveta Culp Hobby was 1st Director of WAC
– Later became 1st person to hold position of Secretary of Health,
Education and Welfare and 2nd woman to hold a cabinet position
Women Accepted for Volunteer
Emergency Service (WAVES)
•
Were aerographers, control tower operators, aviation metal smiths, aviation
machinist mates, and gunnery instructors.
•
Between December 1941 and August 1945, 7 officers and 62 enlisted WAVES
died while on active duty
•
3 WAVES awarded Cross of Lorraine by France for training French pilots
•
Grace Hopper joined the WAVES in 1943 and retired as a Captain in 1986
– Invented COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language) and guided U.S.
Navy into the computer age
“WAVES of the Navy, there’s a ship sailing down the
bay/ And she won’t come into port again until that
vict’ry day./ Carry on for that gallant ship and for every
hero brave/ Who will find ashore his man-sized chore
was done by a Navy WAVE.” – WAVES song
Marine Corps Women’s Reserve
• Were automotive mechanics, auditors and statisticians,
assembly and repair mechanics, weather observers,
teletype operators, welders, map makers, etc.
• Over 22,000 female officers and enlisted served during
the war
• Marine Corps Women’s Reserve Band formed in 1943,
and toured country, often playing concerts at hospitals
“They are Marines. They don’t have a nickname and they don’t
need one. They get their basic training in a Marine atmosphere,
at a Marine post. They inherit the traditions of Marines. They are
Marines.”
General Thomas Holcomb, Marine Commandant, on the issue of
women in the Marines, in a March 27, 1944 issue of Life
Women’s Reserve of the Coast Guard
Reserve (SPARs)
• Over 10,000 women volunteered for SPARs from 1942-1946
• SPARs is from Coast Guard motto – Semper Paratus, Always Ready
• 1st women to attend a military academy
– During war, Coast Guard was only service to train women’s officer corps
at its academy
• Were parachute riggers, chaplains assistants, air control-tower
operators, vehicle drivers, gunner’s mate, etc.
• Assigned to highly classified LORAN (Long Range Aid to Navigation)
project, which enabled navigation under all weather conditions
• Was not until October 1944, that Coast Guard authorized
the acceptance of African American women to enlist
• March 1945, Olivia J. Hooker became 1st African American in
March 1945
Women Air force Service Pilots (WASP)
• 1,078 women were WASP and became 1st women in history to fly
American military aircraft
• Stationed at 120 air bases across the U.S.
• Flew more than 60 million miles ferrying aircraft, flight testing,
transporting cargo, etc.
• 38 WASP died in the line of duty
• Unlike other women in military services, WASP denied military
status and benefits
“Fifinella” is WASP mascot and was designed by Walt Disney
for a proposed film, but he allowed WASP to use it
“…On through the storm and the sun/ Fly on till our mission is
done/ From factory to base, let the WASPs set the pace,/
We’re a thousand strong!”
From WASP song
Minority Women in the Military in WWII
• Many minority women served in the military during WWII,
but contributions have often been obscured and ignored
• Most units and facilities were segregated and prejudice
was widespread
• Minnie Spotted Wolf (Blackfeet) was 1st American Indian
woman to enter Marine Corps Women’s Reserve
• Rafaela Muniz Esquivel, Army Nurse Corps
– Served at the 242nd General Hospital at Sissonne, France and
the 101st Evacuation Hospital in Luxembourg
Minority Women in the Military in WWII
• Hazel Ying Lee was a pilot (WASP) killed in the line of
duty in Montana, in 1944
• PFC Eva Mirabel (Taos Pueblo) was painter and
cartoonist in WAC
– Assisted on “Bride of Wings” mural, which is still in
place at Wright Patterson Air Force Base in Dayton,
OH
• Carmen Bozak, WAC
– Teletype operator in Algiers, transmitted coded
messages to the battlefield