Transcript World War II: 1941-1945

World War II: 1941-1945
U.S. Enters War
• Germany declared war on U.S. on Dec.
11, 1941
• Persuaded by U.S. weakness at Pearl
Harbor
• Not required to do so according to
alliance
U.S. Response
• Massive military build up
– $100 billion in government orders alone
– Non-essential consumer goods halted
• End of New Deal and Depression
• Government orders rationing, minimum
prices, wage ceilings
• Farmers increase output
Women go to Work
• Women make up 1/3
of work force
• “Rosie the Riveter”
• 6 million women
working outside of
the home
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African-Americans
• 1.6 million blacks
move North (map on
p. 828 of migration
pattern)
• A. Philip Randolph
wants equal
opportunities (March
on Washington)
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Mexican Come to America
• Thousands of
Mexicans came to
U.S. to work on
farms
– Bracero program
• Some violence in
cities
– 1943: Zoot-Suit Riots
in L.A.
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Native Americans
• 1940: 90% live on
reservations
• Thousands move to
cities to find work
• 25,000 Native
Americans served in
armed forces
• Some use as code
breakers/talkers
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Japanese Internment
• 1942: Executive Order
9066
• Ordered over 100,000
Japanese-Americans
from W. Coast to be
interned
• 1944: Korematsu v.
United States
• 1988: U.S. formally
apologized and paid
survivors $20,000
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Economic Costs of WWII
• War cost the U.S. $330 billion
– Ten times cost of World War I
– Twice as much as all previous federal
spending since 1776
• National debt from $49 billion in 1941 to
$259 billion in 1945
Paying for the War
Paying for the War
European Theater of Operations
U.S. Leaders in Europe
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• U.S. Army Chief of Staff George Marshall
• General Dwight D. Eisenhower
FDR’s “Four Freedoms”
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• FDR stated the U.S.
was fighting to
protect four
freedoms
• Freedom:
– Of speech and
expression
– Of worship
– From want
– From fear
ABC-1
• Allies agree to eliminate Germany before
Japan
– Unpopular amongst most Americans
• Also indecision about Allied strategy
– Britain wanted bombing raids on Germany
– USSR wants U.S. and Britain to open second front
on Germany
– Compromise: The soft underbelly of Europe: N.
Africa to Italy to Germany
Battle of Stalingrad:
Winter of 1942-1943
German Army
Russian Army
1,011,500 men
1,000,500 men
10,290 artillery guns
13,541 artillery guns
675 tanks
894 tanks
1,216 planes
1,115 planes
The North Africa Campaign:
The Battle of El Alamein, 1942
Gen. Ernst Rommel,
The “Desert Fox”
Gen. Bernard
Law
Montgomery
(“Monty”)
The Italian Campaign
[“Operation Torch”] :
Europe’s “Soft Underbelly”
 Allies plan assault
on weakest Axis
area - North
Africa - Nov.
1942-May 1943
 George S. Patton
leads American
troops
 Germans trapped in
Tunisia - surrender
over 275,000
troops.
The Battle for Sicily:
June, 1943
General
George S. Patton
The Allies Liberate Rome:
June 5, 1944
Mussolini &
His Mistress,
Claretta
Petacci
Are Hung in
Milan, 1945
Gen. Eisenhower Gives the Orders
for D-Day [“Operation Overlord”]
Normandy Landing
(June 6, 1944)
German Prisoners
Higgins Landing Crafts
The Liberation of Paris:
August 25, 1944
De Gaulle in
Triumph!
The Battle of the Bulge:
Hitler’s Last Offensive
Dec. 16, 1944
to
Jan. 28, 1945
Battle of the Bulge (Ardennes
Forest in Belgium)
• Hitler attacks with all ready
resources, 12/44.
• Hits center of Allies which
forces retreat and the
“bulge”.
• Allies led by Eisenhower,
Patton and Omar Bradley.
• Last major Germany
offensive.
The “Big Three”
Winston Churchill, Franklin Roosevelt, Joseph Stalin
Yalta: February, 1945
 FDR wants quick Soviet entry into Pacific
war.
 FDR & Churchill concede Stalin needs buffer,
FDR & Stalin want spheres of influence and a
weak Germany.
 Churchill wants
strong Germany
as buffer
against Stalin.
 FDR argues
for a ‘United
Nations’.
Yalta Continued
• USSR wanted Poland
– Polish government in exile in London did not want
this
– U.S. agrees to give USSR eastern part of Poland
• FDR criticized for trusting USSR too much
• Nobody left totally happy: agreements will
fuel Cold War
– Also disagreements during WWII fueled this
Hitler Commits Suicide
April 30, 1945
Cyanide & Pistols
The Führer’s Bunker
Mr. & Mrs. Hitler
Horrors
of the Holocaust Exposed
Horrors
of the Holocaust Exposed
Entrance to
Auschwitz
Crematoria
at
Majdanek
V-E Day (May 8, 1945)
General Keitel
V-E Day (May 8, 1945)
Pacific Theater of Operations
Early in the Pacific
• Japan dominated the
U.S. crippled Navy
– Demolished ideas of
superiority of whites
– Burma, Wake Islands,
Guam, and others fell
• Japan took a number of
islands including
Philippines
• General Douglas
MacArthur forced to flee
Philippines
• “I Shall Return”
• Bataan Death March
U.S. Surrenders at Corregidor,
the Philippines [March, 1942]
Bataan Death March: April, 1942
76,000 prisoners [12,000 Americans]
Marched 60 miles in the blazing heat to POW
camps in the Philippines.
Bataan: British Soldiers
A
Liberated
British
POW
Allied Counter-Offensive:
“Island-Hopping”
Battle of the Coral Sea:
May 7-8, 1942
Battle of Midway Island:
June 4-6, 1942
Battle of Midway Island:
June 4-6, 1942
Lt. Col. Jimmy Doolittle:
First U. S. Raids on Tokyo, 1942
The War in the Pacific
• US in charge of the Pacific after they
defeat Japan at Battle of Midway in
1942
• U.S. used “island hopping” strategy
• Japan running out of supplies
• News of Japanese defeats were kept
from the public.
• U.S. takes the Philippines in June, 1944
Gen. MacArthur “Returns” to
the Philippines! [1944]
Japanese Kamikaze Planes:
The Scourge of the South Pacific
Kamikaze Pilots
Suicide
Bombers
The End of the War
• Surrender of Germany in April, 1945
allows Allies to focus on Japan
– Rest of Allies did not honor agreement to
help US in the Pacific.
– Pacific campaign costly for the US
– Fierce fighting on islands
• Iwo Jima, and Okinawa
• Blockade of Japan
• Japanese soldiers would not surrender
US Marines on Mt. Surbachi,
Iwo Jima [Feb. 19, 1945]
San Francisco, 1945
• USA, USSR, Great Britain, France and
China meet to create the United Nations
in April
– These five would make up the Security
Council
The Creation of the U. N.
FDR Dies
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• April 12, 1945: FDR
dies while posing for
a portrait.
• Harry Truman
becomes President
Potsdam Conference:
July, 1945
 FDR dead, Churchill out of office as Prime
Minister during conference.
 Stalin only original.
 The United States
has the A-bomb.
 Allies agree Germany
is to be divided into
occupation zones
 Poland moved
around to suit
P.M. Clement President
Joseph
Atlee
Truman
Stalin
the Soviets.
 Demand Japan surrender or be destroyed
The Manhattan Project:
Los Alamos,
NM
Major General
Lesley R. Groves
Dr. Robert
Oppenheimer
I am become
death,
the shatterer
of worlds!
Tinian Island, 1945
Little Boy
Fat Man
Enola Gay Crew
Col. Paul Tibbets & the A-Bomb
Hiroshima – August 6, 1945
© 70,000 killed
immediately.
© 48,000 buildings.
destroyed.
© 100,000s died of
radiation poisoning &
cancer later.
Nagasaki – August 9, 1945
© 40,000 killed
immediately.
© 60,000 injured.
© 100,000s died of
radiation poisoning
& cancer later.
V-J Day (September 2, 1945)
V-J Day in Times Square, NYC
Country
Men in war
Battle deaths
Wounded
Australia
1,000,000
26,976
180,864
Austria
800,000
280,000
350,117
Belgium
625,000
8,460
55,5131
40,334
943
4,222
339,760
6,671
21,878
Canada
1,086,3437
42,0427
53,145
China3
17,250,521
1,324,516
1,762,006
Czechoslovakia
—
6,6834
8,017
Denmark
—
4,339
—
Finland
500,000
79,047
50,000
France
—
201,568
400,000
20,000,000
3,250,0004
7,250,000
Greece
—
17,024
47,290
Hungary
—
147,435
89,313
India
2,393,891
32,121
64,354
Italy
3,100,000
149,4964
66,716
Japan
9,700,000
1,270,000
140,000
Netherlands
280,000
6,500
2,860
New Zealand
194,000
11,6254
17,000
75,000
2,000
—
—
664,000
530,000
650,0005
350,0006
—
410,056
2,473
—
—
6,115,0004
14,012,000
5,896,000
357,1164
369,267
16,112,566
291,557
670,846
3,741,000
305,000
425,000
Brazil2
Bulgaria
Germany
Norway
Poland
Romania
South Africa
U.S.S.R.
United Kingdom
United States
Yugoslavia
WW II
Casualties
1. Civilians only.
2. Army and navy figures.
3. Figures cover period July 7,
1937 to Sept. 2, 1945,
and concern only Chinese
regular troops. They do not
include casualties suffered
by guerrillas and local
military corps.
4. Deaths from all causes.
5. Against Soviet Russia;
385,847
against Nazi Germany.
6. Against Soviet Russia;
169,822
against Nazi Germany.
7. National Defense Ctr.,
Canadian
Forces Hq., Director of
History.
Massive Human Dislocations
The U.S. & the U.S.S.R.
Emerged as the Two Superpowers
of the later 20c