Transcript Diapositive 1

The Disunited States of Europe?
So, Europe is split, but
at least is not at war …..
1
Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA
Tuesday, 09 August 2005
Europe's Bloody Past …..
2
Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA
The Battle ofTuesday,
Waterloo
09 August 2005
CONFLICT
BATTLES
FR
Norman Conquest 1066
Crécy
Sluys (sea)
Poitiers
100 Years War
Agincourt
Orléans
Formigny
Bordeaux
The Thirty Years War
War of Spanish Succession
Great Northern War
Ist Jacobite Rebellion
The Crimean War
The Seven Years War
American Revolution
French Revolution
Marengo
Napoleonic Austerlitz
Wars
Jena
Friedland
Trafalgar (sea)
Salamanca
Peninsular
Russia
War in
Vittoria
Spain
Leipzig
Napoleonic Wars
Waterloo
Franco-Prussian War
World War I
Russian Revolution
Russian Civil War
Spanish Civil War
World War II
Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA
1337
1337
1340
1355
1415
1428
1450
1451
1618
1701
1700
1715
1854
1756
1775
1789
1797
1800
1805
1806
1807
1805
1812
1812
1813
1813
1815
1870
1914
1917
1918
1936
1939
TO PARTY A (Victors)
1453
1648
1713
1721
1856
1763
1781
1799
1815
1871
1918
1922
1939
1945
PARTY B
Normans (France)
England
England
France
England
France
England
France
England
France
England
France
France
England
France
England
France
England
Protestants
Catholics
England, Netherlands, German States, Austria France
Denmark, Saxony, Poland, Russia
Sweden
England
Jacobite Scots
England, France
Russia
Prussia, Britain, Hanover
Austria, Sweden, Russia, France,
America
Britain
France
civil war
Everyone else
France
France
Austria
France
Austria, Russia
France
Prussia
France
Russia
England
France
Britain
France
Russia
France
Britain
France
Prussia,Britain
France
Britain, Prussia, Austria
France
Prussia
France
Britain, France, Russia
Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary
Russia
civil war
Bolsheviks
White Russians
Spanish Fascists (Germany)
Republicans (Russia)
Allies (Britain, USA, Russia etc)
Germany, Italy, Japan etc)
1000 years
of War
in Europe
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Tuesday, 09 August 2005
TheTerrible Legacy of World War 1
Statistics
 10 million soldiers were killed; the flower of European youth.
 This is the equivalent of 150 cities the size of Quimper.
 Or the same as 312,500 classes the same size as yours.
 Northern France is dotted with hundreds of vast cemeteries.
 Thousands and thousands of men are buried in unmarked graves.
 Millions of individual bones lie in vast ossuaries.
 The generations that followed were scarred for life by the slaughter.
 It was to have been "The war to end wars", so terrible was it.
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Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA
Tuesday, 09 August 2005
TheTerrible Legacy of World War 1
Battles
Verdun - 21 Feb 1916 – six-month attempt by Germans to ‘bleed the French army white’ - aim not
to gain ground but to kill Frenchmen - on first day over 1,000,000 shells fell - in all, 500,000 men
killed - in 5 months 70 of the 95 French divisions had passed through Verdun – only national
pride prevented its fall
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Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA
Tuesday, 09 August 2005
TheTerrible Legacy of World War 1
The Somme - six-month battle launched 1 July 1916 - mainly British supported by French attack followed five-day bombardment - 20,000 men killed and 60,000 casualties on first day,
more than the combined British deaths of the Crimean, Boer, and Korean wars - when British
attacked the front-line troops were weighed down with equipment needed to last the whole day
and to resist expected counter-attacks - men were ordered not to run forwards - they were
sitting ducks for machine gunners - in all 650,000 men were lost for territorial gain of 8
kilometres - Germans lost approx 450,000
Many men spent weeks in trenches, only to
die within seconds of going onto the attack.
Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA
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Tuesday, 09 August 2005
TheTerrible Legacy of World War 1
3rd Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele) - 31 July 1916 - 6 weeks before battle 10,000 Germans were
killed by mines laid in tunnels under their trenches - attack started after ten-day artillery
bombardment - heavy rain turned battlefield into quagmire - many soldiers drowned in shell
holes - 500,000 casualties for practically no gains
Hundreds of vast cemeteries can be
found all over Northern France
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Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA
Tuesday, 09 August 2005
TheTerrible Legacy of World War 1
Chemin des Dames - 21 April 1917 - six-week attack on well-defended German positions near
Reims - 40,000 men lost on first day alone - 270,000 in total - territorial gains nil - attack’s failure
led to total demoralisation of French army - between April & June 1917 mutinies occurred in 68
divisions = 66% of French army - 49 men were executed for desertion
Americans - entered war April 1917 - in total lost 112,000 men in fighting - their vast resources
made it clear to exhausted Germans that they could not win
British Dominions - Canada, New Zealand, South Africa, India and Australia - lost 200,000 killed
and 600,000 wounded - thousands of Sikh, Moslem and Hindu soldiers from India lie in French
graves - from this followed creation of the British Commonwealth in 1926
Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA
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Tuesday, 09 August 2005
TheTerrible Legacy of World War 1
“The Soldier” (Rupert Brooke, 1917)
If I should die, think only this of me
That there's some corner of a foreign field
That is for ever England. There shall be
In that rich earth a richer dust concealed;
A dust whom England bore, shaped, made aware,
Gave, once, her flowers to love, her ways to roam,
A body of England's breathing English air,
Washed by the rivers, blest by suns of home.
And think, this heart, all evil shed away,
A pulse in the eternal mind, no less
Gives somewhere back the thoughts by England given;
Her sights and sounds; dreams happy as her day;
And laughter, learnt of friends; and gentleness,
In hearts at peace, under an English heaven.
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Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA
Tuesday, 09 August 2005
TheTerrible Legacy of World War 1
The War's Effects

loss of millions of young men from France, Britain and Germany in
particular ... many among the most gifted and creative of their generation less than 30% of French soldiers escaped death or physical injury ... French
population took many years to recover

the creation of a ‘burnt out’ generation of war-wounded men - there were
240,000 amputees in Britain alone - many men died later from their wounds others suffered psychological wounds that have never healed to this day

the devastation of a large area of Northern France - the permanent
disappearance of hundreds of villages

the collapse of Germany and the eventual rise of Hitler leading to the
catastrophe of World War II

the rise of pacifism in Britain and France, which meant they could not
understand Hitler and were unprepared for war in 1939
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Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA
Tuesday, 09 August 2005
TheTerrible Legacy of World War 1
The War's Effects
 Russia lost nearly two million men on the eastern front
 smaller countries - Serbia, Austria, Hungary and others - lost a higher
proportion of their soldiers than did the major countries
 Turkey forcibly deported from their homes over 1,000,000 Armenians - of
these, over 500,000 died of torture, disease or starvation
 the acceleration in Britain of the movement to give women the vote - while
the
men were in France, women showed they could work just as hard in all
kinds
of occupations
 the economies of non-involved nations grew rapidly - Argentina, Brazil,
China, India and Japan were starved of European finished goods and had to
start producing their own
 the end of the period of world domination by Europe - with the United States
the main beneficiary - New York displaced London as the financial
capital of the world – Hollywood gained a major boost from the war
 the beginning of the end of the European colonial empires
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Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA
Tuesday, 09 August 2005
TheTerrible Legacy of World War 1
The Aftermath

A harsh punishment and "reparations" were imposed on Germany in the
Treaty of Versailles.

This led to economic depression and the rise of Adolf Hitler.

Weak western governments failed to stand up to him, eventually leading to
the Second World War.

A spirit of pacifism had grown among the Allies, especially France.

This led to Hitler's rapid conquest of France in 1940.

Five terrible years of war followed, with much of Europe devastated.
After WWI, nobody had believed another war could be
possible in Europe, but WWII broke out a mere 21 years later …..
Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA
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Tuesday, 09 August 2005
World War II
The Nature of the War
 WWII characterized by unspeakable atrocities, germ warfare, enormous civilian
casualties, genocide of 5 1/2 million European Jews, and the use of atomic bomb
 estimates of death toll up to 60 million in total, of which 50% civilians
 over 50 countries involved in one way or another
 greatest human losses suffered by combatants and civilians of the Soviet Union and
China. In the near two-and-a-half year siege of Leningrad (now St. Petersburg) by the
German forces, 1 1/2 million Russians alone died from shelling, bombing, disease and
starvation
 this figure exceeded all the military casualties of the U.S.A. and British Commonwealth
combined
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Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA
Tuesday, 09 August 2005
The Effects of World War II
War Crimes & Disasters
 Japanese torture and massacre of 300,000 civilians and the barbaric killing
of war prisoners in the infamous Rape of Nanking
 Nazis murder of 6,000,000 European Jews in the "Final Solution"
 deaths of hundreds of thousands of slave laborers in the Japanese-held
Netherlands East Indies (Indonesia)
 1,500,000 million deaths in Bengal as a consequence of war-related famine
 mass dislocation and movement of refugees. In the immediate post-war period,
millions of ethnic Germans were expelled from the liberated countries of eastern
Europe, many of whom died in displaced-persons camps.
 estimated 60,000,000 made homeless in China
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Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA
Tuesday, 09 August 2005
The Effects of World War II
War Crimes & Disasters
 millions of German and Japanese prisoners-of-war required repatriation; it took
ten years, for example, before the last German prisoners were released
 unknown numbers of surviving Japanese soldiers left on the Asian mainland
disappeared without trace
 material destruction of battlefields and areas targeted by Allied bombers was
colossal, destruction of cities - Warsaw, Hamburg, Dresden, and, especially,
Russian and Japan urban centers - left millions homeless
 damage to roads, bridges, railways and industrial plant created mass economic
dislocation; financial costs of the war weighed on victor and vanquished alike
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Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA
Tuesday, 09 August 2005
The Effects of World War II
children in front of their bombed home in 1941 - their parents buried inside
Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA
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Tuesday, 09 August 2005
The Effects of World War II
The Blitz - London 1941
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Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA
Tuesday, 09 August 2005
The Effects of World War II
Dresden - 1945 - still controversial even today
Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA
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Tuesday, 09 August 2005
World War II - Casualties
AXIS POWERS
MILITARY CASUALTIES
COUNTRY
POPULATION KILLED/MIA % DEAD
WOUNDED % WOUNDED
5,9
CIVILIANS
TOTAL
DEATHS
%
8 100 000
2 000 000
2,6
Germany
78 000 000
3 500 000
4,5
4 600 000
Italy
44 000 000
330 000
0,8
?
70 000
0,2
Japan
72 000 000
17 500 000
24,3
?
350 000
0,5
Rumania
20 000 000
500 000
2,5
300 000
400 000
2,0
Bulgaria
6 000 000
10 000
0,2
?
50 000
0,8
Hungary
10 000 000
120 000
1,2
250 000
2,5
370 000
200 000
2,0
Finland
4 000 000
100 000
2,5
45 000
1,1
145 000
4 000
0,1
1,5
800 000
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Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA
Tuesday, 09 August 2005
World War II - Casualties
ALLIED FORCES (in order of entry into war)
MILITARY CASUALTIES
CIVILIANS
COUNTRY
POPULATION
KILLED/MIA
% DEAD
WOUNDED
% WOUNDED
TOTAL
DEATHS
%
China
450 000 000
1 300 000
0,3
1 800 000
0,4
3 100 000
9 000 000
2,0
Poland
35 000 000
13 000
0,0
200 000
0,6
330 000
2 500 000
7,1
U.K.
48 000 000
400 000
0,8
300,000
700,000
60 000
0,1
France
42 000 000
250 000
0,6
350 000
0,8
600 000
270 000
0,6
Australia
7 000 000
30 000
0,4
40 000
0,6
70 000
--
360 000 000
36 000
0,0
64 000
0,0
100 000
--
New Zealand
2 000 000
10 000
0,5
20 000
1,0
30 000
--
So. Africa
10 000 000
9 000
0,1
12 000
0,1
23 000
--
Canada
11 000 000
42 000
0,4
50 000
0,5
92 000
--
Denmark
4 000 000
2 000
0,1
?
?
1 000
0,0
Norway
3 000 000
10 000
0,3
?
?
6 000
0,2
Belgium
8 000 000
12 000
0,2
16 000
0,2
28 000
10 000
0,1
Holland
9 000 000
14 000
0,2
7 000
0,1
21 000
250 000
2,8
Greece
7 000 000
90 000
1,3
?
?
400 000
5,7
Yugoslavia
15 000 000
320 000
2,1
?
?
1 300 000
8,7
U.S.S.R.
194 000 000
9 000 000
4,6
18 000 000
9,3
27 000 000 19 000 000
9,8
U.S.A.
129 000 000
300 000
0,2
300 000
0,2
India
600 000
--
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Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA
Tuesday, 09 August 2005